Education

1952 Cambridge University, Cambridge, England, B.A. in Biochemistry

1954 Cambridge University, Cambridge, England, M.A.

1955 London University, London, England, Ph.D. in Biochemistry

Professional Experience

Honors and Society Memberships

1963-1968 Dernham Fellowship #1 of the California Branch of the Am. Cancer Soc.

1970-1971 Chairman, Course Planning and Faculty, Am. Assoc. Immunology

1970-1975 American Cancer Society Faculty Research Award (PRA-73)

1972-1976 Member, NIH AI Study Section

1984-1985 Chairman, Awards Committee, American Assoc. of Immunologists

1986-1990 ACS Advisory Comm. on Immunol. Immunotherapy (Chair 89-90)

1990-1994 Councillor, American Association of Immunologists Council

1993-1994 Wellcome Visiting Professorships Committee, Chair (AAI)

1992-1996 NIH Study Section, Allergy, Immunol. and Transplant. Res. Comm.

1993-1996 Member, Board of Directors, Bioengineering Department, UCSD

1992-1993 UCSD School of Medicine Distinguished Lecture Series, 1992-1993

1993-1997 Member, Board of Directors of Experimental Biology (formerly FASEB)

1994-1995 Vice President, American Association of Immunologists

1995-1996 President, American Association of Immunologists

1975-1996 Editorial Board, Cellular Immunology

1992-1997 Consulting Editor, J. Clinical Investigation.

1997-pres Primary reviewer pool J. Immunology.

2000-2002AAI Awards committee, Chair 2001-02

2004-April AAI Lifetime Achievement Award

2007elected Fellow AAAS

2007-2009 Appointed Funding Committee of the Empire State Stem Cell Board

Publications

1. Dutton, R.W. (1954) A simplified apparatus for the photosynthesis of 14-C starch and sugars. Biochem. J. 56:48.

2. Badenhuizen, N.P. and Dutton, R.W. (1956) The mechanism of growth of starch granules in the potato tuber, studied with carbon-14. Biochem. J. 62:13.

3. Badenhuizen, N.P. and Dutton, R.W. (1956) Growth of 14C-labelled starch granules in potato tubers as revealed by autoradiographs. Protoplasma 47:156-163.

4. Macfarlane, P.S., Dalgliesh, C.E., Dutton, R.W., Lennox, B., Nyhus,L.M. and Smith, A.N. (1956) Endocrine aspects of argentaffinoma, with special reference to the use of urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid estimations in diagnosis. Scottish Med. 1:148-155.

5. Dutton, R.W. (1956) An apparatus for the biosynthesis of 14C-Chlorella. Biochem. J. 62:38.

6. Dalgliesh, C.E. and Dutton, R.W. (1956) The preparation of uniformly 14C-labelled substances on a laboratory scale, with special reference to L-tryptophan. J. Chem. Soc. 736:3784-3791.

7. Dutton, R.W. and Dalgliesh, C.E. (1956) An apparatus for preparative photosynthesis of 14C-labelled substances. J. Chem. Soc. 737:3792-3796.

8. Dalgliesh, C.E. and Dutton, R.W. (1957) On the site of formation of 5-hydroxy-tryptophan. Biochem. J. 65:21.

9. Smith, A.N., Nyhus, L.M., Dalgliesh, C.E., Dutton, R.W., Lennox, B.H. and Macfarlane, P.S. (1957) Further observations on the endocrine aspects of argentaffinoma. Scottish Med. 2:24-38.

10. Dalgliesh, C.E. and Dutton, R.W. (1957) Biogenesis of 5-hydroxytrytophan. Brit. J. Cancer. 11:296-309.

11. Dutton, R.W., Dutton, A.H. and George, M. (1958) Effect of 8-azaguanine on antibody synthesis in vitro. Nature 182:1377.

12. Dutton, R.W., Dutton, A.H. and Vaughan, J.H. (1959) The in vitro uptake of C14 amino acid into spleen cell fractions which travel as globulins on starch electrophoresis. Fed. Proc. 18:565. (Abstract)

13. Dutton, R.W., Dutton, A.H. and Vaughan, J.H. (1959) Nucleic acid metabolism and antibody formation. Fed. Proc. 18:219. (Abstract)

14. Dutton, R.W. (1959) The inhibition of antibody formation in vitro. Biochem J. 74:24.

15. Dutton, R.W., Dutton, A.H. and Vaughan, J.H. (1960) The effect of 5-bromouracil deoxyriboside on the synthesis of antibody in vitro. Biochem J. 75:230-235.

16. Vaughan, J.H., Dutton, A.H., Dutton, R.W., George, M. and Marston, R.Q. (1960) A study of antibody production in vitro. J. Immunol. 84:258-267.

17. Dutton, R.W., Dutton, A.H., George, M., Marston, R.Q. and Vaughan, J.H. (1960) Phosphate metabolism of spleen cells in antibody formation. J. Immunol. 84:268-272.

18. Dutton, R.W. (1961) Importance of cell division for antibody production in an in vitro system. Nature 192:462.

19. Dutton, R.W. and Eady, J. (1961) Studies on the mechanism of antigenic stimulation. Biochem. J. 8:31.

20. Dutton, R.W. and Pearce, J.D. (1962) Antigen-dependent stimulation of synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid in spleen cells from immunized rabbits. Nature 194:93.

21. Dutton, R.W. and Pearce, J.D. (1962) A survey of the effect of metabolic antagonists on the synthesis of antibody in an in vitro system. Immunol. May;5:414-23.

22. Dutton, R.W., Eady, J.D. and Bulman, H.N. (1963) The antigenic stimulation of DNA synthesis in spleen cells from immunized rabbits. In: Conceptual Advances in Immunology and Oncology, Harper and Row. The Sixteenth Annual Symposium on Fundamental Cancer Research.

23. Dutton, R.W. and Harris, G. (1963) Transfer of stimulation of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in antigen-stimulated rabbit spleen cell cultures. Nature 197:608.

24. Dutton, R.W. and Harris, G. (1963) The apparent transfer of antigen specific stimulation of DNA synthesis in rabbit spleen cell suspensions. Fed. Proc. 22:266. (Abstract)

25. Dutton, R.W. and Eady, J.D. (1964) An in vitro system for the study of the mechanism of antigenic stimulation in the secondary response. Immunol. 7:40-53.

26. Dutton, R.W. and Bulman, N.H. (1964) The significance of the protein carrier in the stimulation of DNA synthesis by hapten-protein conjugates in the secondary response. Immunology. 7:54-64.

27. Dutton, R.W. and Page, G. (1964) Secondary response of spleen cells from immunized rabbits to cross-reacting antigens. Fed. Proc. 23:345. (Abstract)

28. Chapman, N.D. and Dutton, R.W. (1964) The in vitro stimulation of DNA synthesis in cultures of lymph node and spleen cell suspension by homologous cells. Fed. Proc. 23:352. (Abstract)

29. Parkhouse, R.M.E. and Dutton, R.W. (1964) Medium requirements and culture conditions for the antigen-dependent DNA synthesis of spleen cells in vitro. Fed. Proc. 23:389. (Abstract)

30. Dutton, R.W. and Page, G.M. (1964) The response of spleen cells from immunized rabbits to cross-reacting antigens in an in vitro system. Immunology. 7:665-670.

31. Dutton, R.W. (1964) The effect of antigen on the proliferation of spleen cell suspensions from tolerant rabbits. J. Immunol. 93:814.

32. Richardson, M. and Dutton, R.W. (1964) Antibody synthesizing cells: Appearance after secondary antigenic stimulation in vitro. Science. 146:655.

33. Dutton, R.W. and Parkhouse, R.M.E. (1964) Studies on the mechanism of antigenic stimulation in the secondary response. Proceedings of the Prague Symposium on Molecular and Cellular Basis of Antibody Formation, p. 567. (Abstract)

34. Chapman, N.D., Parkhouse, R.M.E. and Dutton, R.W. (1964) Antigen stimulate proliferation in lymphoid and myeloid tissues from immunized rabbits. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med. 117:708.

35. Chapman, N.D. and Dutton, R.W. (1965) The stimulation of DNA synthesis in cultures of rabbit lymph node and spleen cell suspensions by homologous cells. J. Exp. Med. 121:85.

36. Dutton, R.W. (1965) An in vitro homograft response on mixing spleen cell suspensions from two inbred strains of mice. Fed. Proc. 24:636. (Abstract)

37. Dutton, R.W. (1965) Further studies on the stimulation of DNA synthesis in cultures of spleen cell suspensions by homologous cells in inbred strains of mice and rats. J. Exp. Med. 122:759-770.

38. Dutton, R.W. (1966) Spleen cell proliferation in response to homologous antigens studied in congenic resistant strains of mice. J. Exp. Med. 123:665-671.

39. Dutton, R.W. (1966) Significance of the reaction of lymphoid cells to homologous tissue. Symposium on in vitro studies of the immune response. Bacteriol. Rev. 30:397-407.

40. Mishell, R.I. and Dutton, R.W. (1966) Immunization of normal mouse spleen cell suspensions in vitro. Science 153:1004-1006.

41. Parkhouse, R.M.E. and Dutton, R.W. (1966) Inhibition of spleen cell DNA synthesis by autologous macrophages. J. Immunol. 97:663-669.

42. Dutton, R.W. and Mishell, R.I. (1966) Lymphocytic proliferation in response to homologous tissue antigens. Fed. Proc. 25:1723-1726.

43. Dutton, R.W. and Mishell, R.I. (1967) Proliferation and differentiation in the immune response. In: The Control of Nuclear Activity, Goldstein, L. Ed., Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 19-36.

44. Mishell, R.I. and Dutton, R.W. (1967) Immunization of dissociated spleen cell cultures from normal mice. J. Exp. Med. 126:423-442.

45. Dutton, R.W. and Mishell, R.I. (1967) Cell populations and cell proliferation in the in vitro response of normal mouse spleen to heterlogous erythrocytes. Analysis by the hot pulse technique. J. Exp. Med. 126:443-454.

46. Dutton, R.W. and Mishell, R.I. (1967) Cellular events in the immune response. The in vitro response of normal spleen cells to erythrocyte antigens. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology, p. 407-414.

47. Dutton, R.W. (1967) In vitro studies of immunological response of lymphoid cells. Adv. Immunol. 6:253-336.

48. Dutton, R.W. (1968) Discussion of lymhocyte transformation. Fed. Proc., p. 27. (Abstract)

49. Golub, E.S., Mishell, R.I., Weigle, W.O. and Dutton, R.W. (1968) A modification of the hemolytic plaque assay for use with protein antigens. J. Immunol. 100:133-137.

50. Raidt, D.J., Mishell, R.I. and Dutton, R.W. (1968) Cellular events in the immune response. Analysis and in vitro response of mouse spleen cell populations separated by differential flotation in albumin gradients. J. Exp. Med. 128:681-688.

51. Vogt, A., Mishell, R.I. and Dutton, R.W. (1969) Stimulation of DNA synthesis in cultures of mouse spleen cell suspensions by bovine transferrin. Exp. Cell Res. 54:195-200.

52. Mishell, R.I., Dutton, R.W. and Raidt, D.J. (1969) Methods for the study of in vitro immunization of mouse spleen cells. Hemic cells in vitro. In: In Vitro. The Williams and Wilkins Co. 4:83-91.

53. Kettman, J. and Dutton, R.W. (1970) An in vitro primary immune response to 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenyl substituted erythrocytes: response against carrier and hapten. J. Immunol. 104:1558-1561.

54. Lesley, J. and Dutton, R.W. (1970) Antigen receptor molecules: inhibition by antiserum against kappa light chains. Science 169:487-488.

55. Mishell, R.I., Dutton, R.W. and Raidt, D.J. (1970) Cell components in the immune response. I. Gradient separation of immune cells. Cell. Immunol. 1:175-181.

56. Hartmann, K., Dutton, R.W., McCarthy, M.M. and Mishell, R.I. (1970) Cell components in the immune response. II. Cell attachment separation on immune cells. Cell. Immunol. 1:182-189.

57. Hirst, J.A. and Dutton, R.W. (1970) Cell components in the immune response. III. Neonatal thymectomy: restoration in culture. Cell. Immunol. 1:190-195.

58. Dutton, R.W., McCarthy, M.M., Mishell, R.I. and Raidt, D.J. (1970) Cell components in the immune response. IV. Relationships and possible interactions. Cell. Immunol. 1:196-206.

59. Kettman, J. and Dutton, R.W. (1971) Radioresistance of the enhancing effect of cells from carrier-immunized mice in an in vitro primary immune response. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 68:699-703.

60. Hoffmann, M. and Dutton, R.W. (1971) Immune response restoration with macrophage culture supernatants. Science 172:1047-1048.

61. Dutton, R.W., Campbell, P.M., Chan, E., Hirst, J., Hoffmann, M., Kettman, J., Lesley, J., McCarthy, M., Mishell, R.I., Raidt, D.J. and Vann, D. (1971) Cell cooperation during immunologic responses of isolate lymphoid cells. In: Cellular Interactions in the Immune Response, Buffalo, NY, p. 31-41.

62. Kappler, J.W., Hoffmann, M. and Dutton, R.W. (1971) Regulation of the immune response. I. Differential effect of passively administered antibody on the thymus-derived and bone marrow-derived lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 134, 577-581.

63. Lesley, J., Kettman, J.R. and Dutton, R.W. (1971) Immunoglobulins on the surface of thymus-derived cells engaged in the initiation of a humoral immune response. J. Exp. Med. 134:618-629.

64. Dutton, R.W., Falkoff, R., Hirst, J.A., Hoffmann, M., Kappler, J.W., Kettman, J.R., Lesley, J.F. and Vann, D. (1971) Is there evidence for a non-antigen specific diffusable chemical mediator from the thymus-derived cell in the initiation of the immune response? In: Progress in Immunology, Amos, B., ed., Proc. 1st Int. Cong. Immunol., Washington, DC, Academic Press, NY, p. 355-368.

65. Dutton, R.W. (1971) In: Immunologic Intervention, Brook Lodge, p. 57-72.

66. Dutton, R.W. (1972) Inhibitory and stimulatory effects of concanavalin A on the response of mouse spleen cell suspensions to antigen. I. Characterization of the inhibitory cell activity. J. Exp. Med. 136:1445-1460.

67. Ruben, L.N., Van der Hoven, A. and Dutton, R.W. (1973) Cellular cooperation in hapten-carrier responses in the newt, Triturus viridescens. Cellular Immunology. 6:300-314.

68. Dutton, R.W. and Jacobs, D. (1973) Macrophages or 2-mercaptoethanol protects the in vitro immune response against toxic effects of oxygen. Fed. Proc. 32:978. (Abstract)

69. Dutton, R.W. (1973) Inhibitory and stimulatory effects of concanavalin A on the response of mouse spleen cell suspension to antigen. II. Evidence for separate stimulatory and inhibitory cells. J. Exp. Med. 138:1496-1505.

70. Kettman, J., Yin, E. and Dutton, R.W. (1973) Precursor cell division during the immune response in vitro: antigen-induced and “spontaneous” antibody-forming cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 3:655-656.

71. Dutton, R.W. and Hunter, P. (1974) The effects of mitogen-stimulated T cells on the response of B cell to antigen and the mechanism of T cell stimulation and of the B cell responses. Soc. Gen. Physiol. Ser. 29:199-215.

72. Dutton, R.W. (1974) T cell factors in the regulation of the B cell response. In: The Immune System, Academic Press, Inc. pp. 485-496.

73. Dutton, R.W. (1975) Mitogens and T cell heterogeneity. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 249:43-46.

74. Scavulli, J. and Dutton, R.W. (1975) Competition between concanavalin A-induced stimulatory and inhibitory effects in the in vitro immune response to antigen. J. Exp.Med. 141:524-529.

75. Kettman, J. and Dutton, R.W. (1975) The role of antigen in the immune response: analysis by limiting dilution methods. Cell Immunol. 17:228-239.

76. Dutton, R.W. and Scavulli, J. (1975) Suppressor T cells in the regulation of the immune response. J. Reticuloendothelial Soc. 17:187-190.

77. Dutton, R.W. (1975) Separate signals for the inhibition of proliferation and differentiation in the B cell response to antigen. Transplant Rev. 23:66-77.

78. Dutton, R.W. (1975) Suppressor T cells. Transplant Rev. 26:39-55.

79. Dutton, R.W. (1975) The nonspecific T cell signal initiates differentiation. In: The Role of Mitogens in Immunobiology, Oppenhein, J.J. and Rosenstreich, eds, Academic Press, NY, p. 237-244.

80. Lord, E.M. and Dutton, R.W. (1975) The properties of plaque-forming cells from autoimmune and normal strains of mice with specificity for autologous erythrocyte antigens. J. Immunol. 115:1199-1205.

81. McCarthy, M.M. and Dutton, R.W. (1975) The humoral response of mouse spleen cells to two types of sheep erythrocytes. I. Genetic control of the response to H and L SRBC. J. Immunol. 115:1316-1321.

82. McCarthy, M.M. and Dutton, R.W. (1975) The humoral response of mouse spleen cells to two types of sheep erythrocytes. II. Evidence for gene expression in the B lymphocyte. J. Immunol. 115:1322-1326.

83. McCarthy, M.M. and Dutton, R.W. (1975) The humoral response of mouse spleen cells to two types of sheep erythrocytes. III. A new VH region marker. J. Immunol. 115:1327-1329.

84. Lord, E.M. and Dutton, R.W. (1975) Antigen suppression of the in vitro development of plaque-forming cells to autologous erythrocyte antigens. J. Immunol. 115:1631-1635.

85. Tse, H.Y. and Dutton, R.W. (1976) Separation of helper and suppressor T lymphocytes on a ficoll velocity sedimentation gradient. J. Exp. Med. 143:1199-1210.

86. McCarthy, M.M., Bowman, C., Butler, A. and Dutton, R.W. (1976) The humoral response of mouse spleen cells to two types of sheep erythrocytes. IV. The in vivo response to H and L SRBC and the genetic control of the production of IgM and IgG antibodies in discriminator mice. J. Immunol. 116:1725-1726.

87. Swain, S.L., Trefts, P., Tse, H.Y. and Dutton, R.W. (1977) The significance of T-B collaboration across haplotype barriers. Cold Spring Harb Symp. Quant. Biol. 41:597-609.

88. Dutton, R.W. and Swain, S.L. (1977) Genetic restrictions on cell interactions in the immune response. In: Theoretical Immunology, Bell, G.I., Perelson, A.S. and Pimbley, G.H., eds. Marcel Dekker, New York. pp. 303-340.

89. Ryser, J.E. and Dutton, R.W. (1977) The humoral immune response of mouse bone marrow lymphocytes in vitro. Immunology. 32:811-817.

90. Falkoff, R.M. and Dutton, R.W. (1977) Evidence that Con A induces cytotoxicity in the same subclasses of T cells as does alloimmunization. J. Immunol. 118:1600-1606.

91. Swain, S.L. and Dutton, R.W. (1977) Negative allogeneic effects in vitro. I. Allogeneic T cells markedly suppress the secondary antibody-forming cell response. J. Immunol. 118:2262-2268.

92. Swain, S.L. and Dutton, R.W. (1977) Allosuppression and genetic restriction of cell interactions. In: Immune System: Genetics and Regulation. Sercarz, E., Herzenberg, L. and Fox, C., eds. Academic Press, New York, NY. pp. 455-462.

93. Tse, H.Y. and Dutton, R.W. (1977) Separation of helper and suppressor T lymphocytes. II. Ly phenotypes and lack of DNA synthesis requirement for the generation of concanavalin A helper and suppressor cells. J. Exp. Med. 146:747-758.

94. Swain, S.L. and Dutton, R.W. (1977) Negative allogeneic effects in vitro. II. Mapping of histocompatibility differences leading to allosuppression. J. Immunol. 119:1179-1186.

95. Tse, H.Y. and Dutton, R. (1978) Separation of helper and suppressor T lymphocytes. III. Positive and negative effects of mixed-lymphocyte-reaction activated T cells. J. Immunol. 120:1149-1152.

96. Panifili, P.R. and Dutton, R.W. (1978) Alloantigen-induced T helper activity. I. Minimal genetic differences necessary to induce a positive allogenetic effect. J. Immunol. 120:1897-1901.

97. Falkoff, R.M., Scavulli, J. and Dutton, R.W. (1978) Independent analysis of T-helper and T-killer cell function in young and old NZB-mice. J. Immunol. 121:897-902.

98. Swain, S.L., Panfili, P.R. and Dutton, R.W. (1978) Do Ly phenotypes correlate with function or with MHC determinant recognized? J. Immunol. 121:1614.

99. Dutton, R.W., Panfili, P.R. and Swain, S.L. (1978) Alloreactivity, the development of the T cell repertoire and the understanding of T cell function. Immunol. Rev. 42:20-59.

100. Ishikawa, H. and Dutton, R.W. (1979) Primary in vitro cytotoxic response of F1 T lymphocytes against parental antigens. J. Immunol. 122:529-536.

101. Waterfield, J.D., Dennert, G., Swain, S. L. and Dutton, R.W. (1979) Continuously proliferating allospecific T cells. I. Specificity of cooperation with allogeneic B cells in the humoral antibody response to sheep erythrocytes. J. Exp. Med. 149:808-814.

102. Swain, S.L., Dutton, R.W. and Panfili, P.R. (1979) Allohelp to H-2K appears to depend only on a mature Ly123 T cell. In: T and B Lymphocytes: Recognition and Function, Bach, F.H., Benjamin, B., Vitetta, E.S. and Fox, C.F., eds., Academic Press, New York. pp 317-327.

103. Ishikawa, H. and Dutton, R.W. (1979) Young F1 mice spontaneously generate cytotoxic T cells against parental targets. J. Immunol. 123:2034-2039.

104. Swain, S.L., Panfili, P.R., Dutton, R.W. and Lefkovits, I. (1979) Frequency of allogeneic helper T cells responding to whole H-2 differences and to an H-2K difference alone. J. Immunol. 123:1062-1067.

105. Ishikawa, H. and Dutton, R.W. (1979) Spontaneous and induced in vitro F1 anti-parental cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses: target specificities of cytotoxic effectors. J. Immunol. 123:2741-2750.

106. Swain, S.L., Bakke, A., English, M. and Dutton, R.W. (1979) Ly phenotypes and MHC recognition: the allohelper which recognizes K or D is a mature Ly123 cell. J. Immunol. 123:2716-2724.

107. Swain, S.L. and Dutton, R.W. (1980) On the relationship between Lyt phenotypes, MHC subregions and T cell function. (Opinion) In: Strategies of Immune Regulation, Sercarz, E. and Cunningham, A.J., eds., Academic Press, New York. pp. 467-469.

108. Swain, S.L. and Dutton, R.W. (1980) Production of Con A induced helper T cell replacing factor requires a T cell and an Ia-positive non-T cell. J. Immunol. 124:437-444.

109. Ishikawa, H. and R.W. Dutton. (1980) Characterization of the target antigen of F1 anti-parent cytotoxic lympholysis: Analysis of the spontaneous in vitro F1 cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 125:656-662.

110. Shih, W.W., Matzinger, P.C., Swain, S.L. and Dutton, R.W. (1980) Analysis of histo-compatibility requirements for proliferative and helper T cell activity. T cell populations depleted of alloreactive cells by negative selection. J. Exp. Med. 152:1311-1328.

111. Swain, SL. and Dutton, R.W. (1980) Mouse T-lymphocyte subpopulations: Relationship between function and Lyt antigen phenotype. In: Immunlogy Today. 1:61-66. Elsevier/No. Holland Biomedical Press, Cambridge, England.

112. Dutton, R.W. (1980) T lymphocyte subsets and interactions. Fed. Proc. 39:3109. (Abstract)

113. Dennert, G., Swain, S.L., Waterfield, J.D., Warner, J.F. and Dutton, R.W. (1981) Fine specificity mapping of two allospecific T cell lines: recognition of private specificities in the H-2 IA subregion. Eur. J. Immunol.11:62-64.

114. Swain, S.L., Dennert, G., Wormsley, S. and Dutton, R.W. (1981) The Lyt phenotype of a long term allospecific T cell line. Both helper and killer activities to IA are mediated by Ly1 cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 11:175-180.

115. Ishikawa, H., Dutton, R.W. and Dennert, G. (1981) Inhibition of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) by antiserum raised against brain tissue. Cell. Immunol. 59:419-428.

116. Swain, S.L., Dennert, G., Warner, J. and Dutton, R.W. (1981) Culture supernatants of a stimulated T-cell line have helper activity that acts synergistically with interleukin 2 in the response of B cells to antigen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 78:2517-2521.

117. Swain, S.L. and Dutton, R.W. (1981) Some immunological mysteries. In: The Immune System 1:202-208. Steinberg, Ch.M. and Lefkovits, I., eds, Karge, Basel, Switzerland.

118. Puré, E., Isakson, P.C., Takatsu, K., Hamaoka, T., Swain, S.L., Dutton, R.W., Dennert, G., Uhr, J.W. and Vitetta, E.S. (1981) Induction of B cell differentiation by T cell factors. I. Stimulation of IgM secretion by products of a T cell hybridoma and a T cell line. J. Immunol. 127:1953-1958.

119. Beardsely, T.R., Swain, S.L. and Dutton, R.W. (1981) Thymus epithelial remnant grafts do not confer self tolerance. In: Mechanisms of Lymphocyte Activation, Resch, K. and Kirchner, H., eds. Elservier/No. Holland Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 384-387.

120. Swain, S.L. and Dutton, R.W. (1981) The role of IA in T cell activation. Transplant. Proc. 13:1843-1845.

121. Swain, S.L. and Dutton, R.W. (1982) Biological properties of lymphokines (TRFs) obtained from cloned T cell lines and other sources, which regulate the B cell antibody response. In: The Lymphokines. Academic Press, New York. pp. 219-238.

122. Dutton, R.W. and Swain, S.L. (1982) Regulation of immune response T cell interactions. CRC Crit Rev Immunol. 3:209-261.

123. Swain, S.L., Wetzel, G.D., Soubiran, P. and Dutton, R.W. (1982) T cell replacing factors in the B cell response to antigen. Immunol. Rev. 63:111-128.

124. Zimmerman, B., Swain, S.L. and Dutton, R.W. (1982) Immunosuppressive ATS. V. Analysis of the effect of anti-thymocyte serum on T lymphocyte subsets. J. Immunol. 129:515-520.

125. Wetzel, G.D., Swain, S.L. and Dutton, R.W. (1982) A monoclonal T cell replacing activity, (DL)TRF, can act directly on B cells to enhance clonal expansion. J. Exp. Med. 156:306-311.

126. Swain, S.L. and Dutton, R.W. (1982) Production of a B cell growth-promoting activity, (DL)BCGF, from a cloned T cell line and its assay on the BCL1 B cell tumor. J. Exp. Med. 156:1821-1834.

127. Swain, S.L. and Dutton, R.W. (1983) Role of different T cell replacing factors (TRFs) in the proliferation and differentiation of B cells. In: Interleukins, Lymphokines and Cytokines, Oppenheim, J.J., Cohen, S. and Landy, M., eds., Academic Press, NY, pp. 179-185.

128. Swain, S.L., Dutton, R.W., Schwab, R. and Yamamoto, J. (1983) Xenogeneic human anti-mouse T cell responses are due to the activity of the same functional T cell subsets responsible for allospecific and MHC-restricted responses. J. Exp. Med. 157:720-729.

129. Waterfield, J.D., King, I.D. and Dutton, R.W. (1983) Presence of host-reactive T cells in lymphomematopoietic chimeras. Immunology. 48:219-227.

130. Wilkinson, N.M., Ishikawa, H.J., Kubota, E., Dutton, R.W. and Saito, K. (1983) Fetal calf serum (FCS) injected F1 mice spontaneously generate specific anti-parental cytotoxic T lymphocytes in in vitro culture. Cell. Immunol. 78:236-248.

131. Swain, S.L., Howard, M., Kappler, J., Marrack, P., Watson, J., Booth, R., Wetzel, G.D. and Dutton, R.W. (1983) Evidence for two distinct classes of with B cell growth factors with activities in different functional assays. J. Exp. Med. 158:822-835.

132. Swain, S.L. and Dutton, R.W. (1983) Mouse T-lymphocyte sub-populations: Relationships between function and Lyt antigen phenotype. In: T Lymphocytes Today, Inglis, J.R., ed., Elsevier Science Publishers, Oxford. pp. 100-103.

133. Dutton, R.W., Wetzel, G.D. and Swain, S.L. (1984) Partial purification and characterization of a BCGFII from EL4 culture supernatants. J. Immunol. 132:2451-2456.

134. Wetzel, G.D., Swain, S.L., Dutton, R.W. and Kettman, J.R. (1984) Evidence for two distinct activation states available to B lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 133:2327-2332.

135. Swain, S.L. and Dutton, R.W. (1985) T cell factors which promote B cell proliferation and differentiation. Cont. Topics Mol. Immunol. 10:219-229.

136. Swain, S.L., Wetzel, G.D. and Dutton, R.W. (1985) B cell growth and differentiation factors. Lymphokines 10:1-14.

137. Rosenberg, J.L., Swain, S.L., Sobol, R.E. and Dutton, R.W. (1985) In vivo inhibition of murine interleukin-2 producing helper T-cells: Comparative effects of anti-Lyt1 monoclonal antibody and polyclonal anti-thymocyte sera. Transplant. Proc. 17:1001.

138. Pfeifer, J.D., Wetzel, G.D. and Dutton, R.W. (1986) Partial purification and characterization of a factor from a cloned thymic epithelium cell line. J. Immunol. 136:555-561.

139. Dutton, R.W. and Swain, S.L. (1987) B cell and T cell growth factors. In: Control of Animal Cell Proliferation, Vol. II. Leffert, H. and Boynton, A.L., eds., Academic Press, Orlando, FL. pp. 219-261.

140. Swain, S.L. and Dutton, R.W. (1987) B cell growth factor interactions. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 213:215-225.

141. Southern, S.O., Swain, S.L. and Dutton, R.W. (1987) B cell surface glycoprotein induced during growth response: molecular structure and expression pattern. J. Immunol. 138:2568-2575.

142. Pfeifer, J.D., McKenzie, D.T., Swain, S.L. and Dutton, R.W. (1987) B cell stimulatory factor-1 (IL-4) is sufficient for the proliferation and differentiation of lectin stimulated cytolytic T lymphocyte precursors. J. Exp. Med., 166:1464-1470.

143. McKenzie, D.T., Filutowicz, H.I., Swain, S.L. and Dutton, R.W. (1987) Purification and partial sequence analysis of murine BCGFII(IL5). J. Immunol. 139:2661-2668.

144. Swain, S.L. and Dutton, R.W. (1987) Consequences of the direct interaction of helper T cells and B cells presenting antigen. Immunol. Rev. 99:263-280.

145. Swain, S.L., Dutton, R.W., Helstrom, H. and English, M. Role of antigen and lymphokines in B cell proliferation and differentiation. Presented at the Federation of American Societies Experimental Biology. Fed. Proc. 46:2519. April, 1987. (Abstract)

146. McKenzie, D.T., Swain, S.L. and Dutton, R.W. Purification of the helper factors BSF1 and BCGFII produced by a helper T cell line. Presented at the Federation of American Societies Experimental Biology. Fed. Proc. 46:5250. April, 1987. (Abstract)

147. Pfeifer, J.D., Swain, S.L. and Dutton, R.W. The factor from the cloned line of thymic epithelium (TEPI) is a T helper cell stimulatory factor, THSF. Presented at the Federation of American Societies Experimental Biology. Fed. Proc. 46:763. April, 1987. (Abstract)

148. Swain, S.L., Kubota, E. and Dutton, R.W. (1987) Receptor redistribution and other signals in T and B cell triggering. UCLA Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology, New Series Vol. 73, Kappler, J. and Davis, M., eds., Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, NY, pp. 229-241.

149. Voland, J.R., Frishman, D.M., Fan, Q. and Dutton, R.W. (1987) Expression of an endothelial surface antigen on activated human lymphocytes: lymphocyte subset distribution and kinetics of antigen activation. Cell. Immunol. 110:197-208.

150. Swain, S.L., McKenzie, D.T., Dutton, R.W., Tonkonogy, S.L. and English, M. (1988) The role of IL4 and IL5: Characterization of a distinct helper T cell subset that makes IL4 and IL5 (Th2) and requires priming before induction of lymphokine secretion. Immunol. Rev. 102:77-105.

151. Swain, S.L., Dutton, R.W., McKenzie, D.T., Helstrom, H. and English, M. (1987) Role of antigen in the B cell response. Specific antigen and the lymphokine BCGFII synergize to drive a B cell lymphoma to proliferation and differentiation to immunoglobulin secretion. J. Immunol. 140:4224-4230.

152. Swain, S.L., Rowe, D., Dutton, R.W., McKenzie, D.T., Tonkonogy, S., Hancock, W., Voland, J.R. and Weinberg, A.D. (1988) B cell interaction with helper T cells: Characterization of two Th subsets which regulate B cell response. In: Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. Presented at the UCLA Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology. January, 1988 in Taos, New Mexico, G014:78. (Abstract)

153. Rowe, D., Swain, S.L. and Dutton, R.W. (1988) The kinetics of conjugate formation and dissociation between helper T cells and antigen presenting B cells. In: Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. Presented at the UCLA Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology. January, 1988 in Taos, New Mexico, G319:131. (Abstract)

154. Hancock, W.K., Swain, S.L. and Dutton, R.W. (1988) Immunoglobulin gene activation by IL5 and antigen. In: Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. Presented at the UCLA Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology. January, 1988 in Taos, New Mexico, G332:136. (Abstract)

155. Swain, S.L., Rowe, D., Dutton, Richard W., McKenzie, D.T., Tonkonogy, S., Hancock, W., Weinberg, A.D. and Hancock, W. and Voland, J.R. Regulation of the B cell response by helper T cells: Role of direct interaction of Th with B cells and the nature of two helper Th subsets. In: UCLA Symposium on Molecular and Cellular Biology, New Series. Klinman, N., Witte, O. and Howard, M. (Editors). Alan R. Liss, New York, NY. pp 229-255.

156. Southern, S.O., Swain, S.L. and Dutton, Richard W. (1989) Induction of H-2 D antigen during B cell activation. J. Immunol. 142:336-342.

157. Southern, S.O. and Dutton, R.W. (1989) A role for class I MHC antigens in responses of activated B lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 142:3384-3391.

158. Dutton, R., Rowe, D.B. and Swain, S.L. (1989) The dynamics of T cell-B cell conjugate formation. Presented at the 7th International Congress of Immunology, Budapest, Hungary

159. Dutton, R.W. (1990) Cellular and subcellular events in the immune response: A Review. Presented at the 3rd International Academic Conference on Immunobiology in Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology, Coronado, CA, November 8-10, 1990. In: Immunology in Otology, Rhinology and Larynogology. Brian F. McCabe and Jan E. Veldman eds., Kugler Publications, Amsterdam/New York. pp. 129-132.

160. Kubota, E., McKenzie, D.T., Dutton, R.W. and Swain, S.L. (1991) Role of T cells in the B-cell response: Glutaraldehyde-fixed T-helper hybridoma cells synergize with the lymphokine IL-4 to induce B-cell activation and proliferation. Immunol. 72:40-47.

161. Swain, S.L. and Dutton, R.W. (1991) Is autoimmunity good for you? New Biol. 3:117-120.

162. Thor, G., Sepulveda, H., Montazer, A., and Dutton, R.W. (1991). Non-2 microglobulin (2M) associated murine class I MHC molecules display their carboxyl terminus on the outside of the cell surface membrane. Fed. Proc. A1686:7633.

163. Swain, S.L., Bradley, L.M., Croft, M., Tonkonogy, S., Atkins, G., Weinberg, A.D., Duncan, D.D. Hedrick, S.M., Dutton, R.W. and Huston, G. (1991) Helper T cell subsets: Phenotype, function and the role of lymphokines in regulating their development. Immunol. Rev. 123:115-144.

164. Voland, J. and Dutton, R. (1992) Human T cell subsets defined by an activation antigen homo-logous to the myc family of oncogenes. Fed. Proc. 6:2729. (Abstract)

165. Dutton, R.W., Sepulveda, H., Feeney A. and Muralidhar G. (1992) Identical Vh usage in the murine response to the ESE epitope on sheep erythrocytes. Fed. Proc. 6:1154. (Abstract)

166. Muralidhar, G., Sepulveda, H., Feeney, A.J., Riblet, R. and Dutton, R.W. (1992) V gene specific regulation of immunoglobulin gene expression I. Igh V gene usage in the response to the ese epitope on ‘Hi’ SRBC. J. Immunol. 149:3574-3579.

167. Voland, J., Wyzykowski, R., Huang, M. and Dutton, R. (1992) Cloning and sequencing of a trophoblast-endothelial-activated lymphocyte surface protein: cDNA sequence and genomic sructure. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci (USA) 89:10425-10429.

168. Sepulveda, H., Muralidhar, G. and Dutton, R.W. (1992) The regulation of the expression of an individual immunoglobulin heavy chain V gene. Presented at the International Congress of Immunology, Budapest, Hungary, August.

169. Voland, J. and Dutton, R. (1992) Human T cell subsets defined by an activation antigen homologous to the myc family of oncogenes. Presented at the International Congress of Immunology, Budapest, Hungary, August.

170. Voland, J.R., Hooshmand, F., Hedrick, S. and Dutton, R.W. (1993) Increased expression of class I MHC in murine placenta leads to high rates of immunologically mediated spontaneous abortion. Presented at The American Association of Immunologists and the Clinical Immunology Society Meeting held in Denver, CO, May 21-25, 1993.

171. Thor, G., Sepulveda, Chada, S. and Dutton, R.W. (1993) A monoclonal antibody that distinguishes between a phosphorylated, 2M associated and a non-phorsphorylated, free heavy chain of MHC class 1. J. Immunol. 151:211-224.

172. Dutton, R.W. (1993) How does the immune system remember? Current Biol. 3:901-903.

173. Croft, M., Carter, L., Swain, S.L. and Dutton, R.W. (1994) Generation of CD8 effector populations secreting IL-5 and IL-4. FASEB J. 8:4330.

174. Croft, M., Carter, L., Swain, S.L. and Dutton, R.W. (1994) Generation of polarized antigen-specific CD8 effector populations: Reciprocal action of IL-4 and IL-12 in promoting type 2 versus type 1 cytokine profiles. J. Exp. Med. 180, 1715-1728.

175. Carter, L., Croft, M., Swain, S. and Dutton, R.W. (1995) Cytotoxic activity of T1 and T2 subsets of CD8 effector T cells. Presented at the Experimental Biology 95 Conference.

176. Carter, L.L. and Dutton, R.W. (1995) Relative perforin- and Fas-mediated lysis in T1 and T2 CD8 Effector populations. J. Immunol. 155:1028-1031.

177. Carter,L.L. and Dutton, R.W. (1996) Type 1 and Type 2: a fundamental dichotomy for all T cell subsets. Curr Opin. Immunol. 8: 336-342.

178. Dutton, R.W. (1996) The regulation of the development of CD8 effector T cells. J. Immunol. 157: 4287-4292.

179. Zhang, X., Brunner, T., Carter, L., Dutton, R.W., Rogers, P., Bradley,L.M. Sato, T., Redd, J., Green, D.
and Swain, S.L. (1997). Unequal in Death in Th1 and Th2 effectors: Th1 but not Th2 effectors undergo rapid Fas/FasL- mediated apoptosis. J. Exp. Med.185: 1837-1849.

180. Dutton, R.W., L.M. Bradley, and S.L. Swain. (1998) T cell memory. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 16:201-23.

181. Cerwenka, A., Carter, L.L., Reome, J.B., Swain, S.L. and Dutton, R.W. (1998) In vivo persistence of CD8 polarized T cell subsets producing type 1 or type 2 cytokines. J. Immunol. 161:97-105.

182. Cerwenka, A, T.M.Morgan, A.G.Harmsen and R.W Dutton. (1999) Migration kinetics and final destination of type 1 and type 21 CD8 effector cells predict protection against pulmonary virus infection. J. Exp. Med. 189:423-434.

183. Dutton, R.W., Swain, S.L. and Bradley L.M. (1999) “T cell and B cell memory workshop”. Immunology Today. 20:291-293.

184. Dobrzanski, M. Reome, J. and Dutton, R.W. (1999) Therapeutic effects of tumor-reactive Tc1 and Tc2 CD8 T cell subpopulations in established pulmonary metastases J. Immunol.162:6671-6680.

185. Sepulveda, H., Cerwenka, A., Morgan, T. and Dutton, R.W. (1999) CD28, IL-2 independent costimulatory pathways for CD8 T lymphocyte activation. Immunol. 163:1133-1142.

186. Cerwenka, A, Morgan, T and Dutton, R.W. (1999) Naive, effector and memory CD8 T cells in protection against pulmonary influenza virus infection: Homing properties rather than initial frequencies are crucial. J. Immunol. 163:5535-5543

187. Dobrzanski, M.J., J.B.Reome, and R.W.Dutton, (2000) Type 1 and Type 2 CD8+ effector T cell subpopulations promote long term tumor immunity and protection to progressively growing tumor. J. Immunol.164:916-925

188. Reome, J.B., Johnston, D.S., Helmich, B.K., Morgan, T.M., Dutton-Swain, N. and Dutton, R.W. (2000). The effects of prolonged administration of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on cells of the immune system. J. Immunol. 165:4226-4230.

189. Dobrzanski, M.J., J.B. Reome, and R.W. Dutton. (2001) Immunopotentiating role of IFN- in early and late stages of type 1 CD8 effector cell-mediated tumor rejection. Clin. Immunol. 98:70-84.

190. Wiley, J.A., Cerwenka, A., Harkema, J.R., Dutton, R.W. and Harmsen, A.G. (2001) Production of INF by influenza HA-specific CD8 effector T cells influences the development of pulmonary immunopathology. Am J. Pathol. 158:119-130.

191. Hogan, R.J., Usherwood, E.J., Zhong, W., Roberts, A.D., Dutton, R.W., Harmsen, A.G. and Woodland, D.L. (2001) Activated Antigen-Specific CD8+ T Cells Persist in the Lungs Following Recovery from Respiratory Virus Infections. J. Immunol. 166:1813-1822

192. Helmich, B.K. and Dutton, R.W. (2001) The role of adoptively transferred CD8 T cells and host cells in the control of the growth of the EG7 thymoma: factors that determine the relative effectiveness and homing properties of Tc1 and Tc2 effectors. J. Immunol. 166:6500-6508.

193. Dobrzanski, M.J., J.B. Reome, and R.W. Dutton. (2001) Role of effector cell-derived IL-4, IL-5 and perforin in early and late rejection stages of type 2 CD8 effector cell-mediated tumor rejection. J. Immunol. 167:424-434.

194. Woodland, D.L. and Dutton, R.W. (2003) Heterogeneity of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 15:336-342.

195. Reome, J., Hylind, J. C., Dutton, R.W., and Dobrzanski, M.J. 2004. Type 1 and Type 2 Tumor Infiltrating Effector Cell Subpopulations in Progressive Breast Cancer. Clin. Immunol.111:69-81.

196. Dobrzanski, M.J., Reome, J., Hollenbaugh, J.A. and Dutton, R.W.. 2004. Tc1 and Tc2 Effector Cell Therapy Elicit Long-Term Tumor Immunity by Contrasting Mechanisms That Result in Complementary Endogenous Type 1 Antitumor Responses. J. Immunol. 172: 1380-90

197. Dobrzanski, M.J., Reome, J., Hollenbaugh, J.A. Hylind, J.C., and Dutton, R.W.. 2004. Effector Cell-Derived Lymphotoxin-a and FasL, but not Perforin, Promote Tc1 and Tc2 Effector Cell-Mediated Tumor Therapy in Established Pulmonary Metastases. Cancer Res. 64: 406-14

198 Reome JB, Hylind JC, Dutton RW, Dobrzanski MJ. 2004. Type 1 and type 2 tumor infiltrating effector cell subpopulations in progressive breast cancer. Clin Immunol. 111:69-81.

199. Hollenbaugh, J. Reome, J., Dobrzanski, M. and Dutton, R.W. 2004 The rate of the CD8 dependent initial reduction in tumor volume is not limited by contact dependent perforin, Fas-L or TNF mediated cytolysis. J. Immunol. 173:1738-1743

200. Powell, T,J., Brown, D.B., Hollenbaugh, J.A.; Charbonneau, T., Kemp, R.A. Susan Swain, S.L., and R.W.Dutton. 2004. CD8+ T cells responding to influenza infection reach and persist at higher numbers than CD4+ T cells independently of precursor frequency. Clin. Immunol. 2004 Oct;113(1):89-100.

201. Susan L. Swain, Ph.D, Richard W. Dutton, Ph.D and David L. Woodland, Ph.D. 2004.T Cell Responses To Influenza Virus Infection: Effector and Memory Cells. Viral Immunology, 17:197-209. Review.

202. Kemp RA, Powell TJ, Dwyer DW, Dutton RW. 2004 Cutting edge: regulation of CD8+ T cell effector population size. J Immunol. 173:2923-7.

203. Powell T.J., Dwyer, D.W., Morgan T., Hollenbaugh, J. , Dutton, R.W. 2006. The immune system provides a strong response to even a low exposure to virus. Clin. Immunol. 119:87-94

204. Crowe SR, Miller SC, Brown DM, Adams PS, Dutton RW, Harmsen AG, Lund FE, Randall TD, Swain SL, Woodland DL.Uneven distribution of MHC class II epitopes within the influenza virus. Vaccine. 2006 Jan 23;24(4):457-67.

205. J.A.Hollenabugh and R.W.Dutton 2006. IFN- regulates donor CD8 T cell expansion, migration, and leads to apoptosis of the cells of a solid tumor. J.Immunol 177: 3004-3011

206. T. J. Powell, T.Strutt J. Reome, J. A. Hollenbaugh A. D. Roberts, D. L. Woodland, S. L. Swain and R. W. Dutton. (2007) Priming with cold adapted influenza A does not prevent infection but elicits long lived protection against supralethal challenge with heterosubtypic virus. J.Immunol 178: 1030-1038

207. Dutton RW, Swain SL, Woodland DL.2007 Vaccines against pandemic influenza.Viral Immunol. 20:326-7.

208. H. Hamada, M. Garcia-Hernandez, J. B. Reome, S. K. Misra, T. M. Strutt, K. K. McKinstry, A. M. Cooper, S. L. Swain and R. W. Dutton, 2009 Tc17, a unique subset of CD8 T cells that can protect against lethal influenza challenge. J. Immunol. 182:3469-81

209. McKinstry KK, Strutt TM, Buck A, Curtis JD, Dibble JP, Huston G, Tighe M, Hamada H, Sell S, Dutton RW, Swain SL 2009. IL-10 deficiency unleashes an influenza-specific Th17 response and enhances survival against high-dose challenge. J Immunol.182:7353-63.

210. Garcia-Hernandez Mde L, Hamada H, Reome JB, Misra SK, Tighe MP, Dutton RW. Adoptive transfer of tumor-specific Tc17 effector T cells controls the growth of B16 melanoma in miceJ Immunol. 2010Apr 15;184(8):4215-27.

211. Strutt TM, McKinstry KK, Dibble JP, Winchell C, Kuang Y, Curtis JD, Huston G, Dutton RW, Swain SL.Adoptive transfer of tumor-specific Tc17 effector T cells controls the growth of B16 melanoma in mice. Nat Med. 2010 May;16(5):558-64,

212. Yeh N, Glosson NL, Wang N, Guindon L, McKinley C, Hamada H, Li Q, Dutton RW, Shrikant P, Zhou B, Brutkiewicz RR, Blum JS and Kaplan MH. Tc17 cells are capable of mediating immunity to vaccinia virus by acquisition of a cytotoxic phenotype. J. Immunol. In press.

Research

A major topic of our research is to understand the role of naïve and memory CD8 T cells in providing protection against potentially lethal influenza infection.

Antibodies to the coat proteins of the influenza particles are very effective in neutralizing the virus and preventing infection. The virus, however, is subject to antigenic drift and antigen shift, which can render the antibody no longer effective. CD4 and CD8 T cells are directed to less variable elements of the viruses and although they will not prevent infection they have the potential for providing protection against any influenza virus.

CD4 T cells can help B cell responses and CD8 T cells can kill infected cells. It is becoming clear, however that this only the tip of the iceberg and that T cells can protect in many different ways. In our lab were are working to identify new and understand new mechanisms of protection and to learn how different subsets of CD8 T cells (Tc1, Tc2 and Tc17) differ in the protective mechanisms.

In other studies we are seeking to understand the mechanisms that control the size the response of individual CD8 T cell responses, their transition into memory and their persistence as memory T cells.