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Connection

Peter Rice to Gonorrhea

This is a "connection" page, showing publications Peter Rice has written about Gonorrhea.
Connection Strength

12.016
  1. Ram S, Gill D, Rice PA. Combatting antimicrobial-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae: new antibiotics and the pipeline of antigonococcal therapeutics. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2026 Feb 01; 39(1):36-50.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.842
  2. Su X, Le W, Zhu X, Li S, Wang B, Madico G, Yang Z, Chaisson CE, McLaughlin RE, Gandra S, Yoon J, Zheng B, Lewis LA, Gulati S, Reed GW, Ram S, Rice PA. Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection in Women Increases With Rising Gonococcal Burdens in Partners: Chlamydia Coinfection in Women Increases Gonococcal Burden. J Infect Dis. 2022 12 13; 226(12):2192-2203.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.686
  3. Lewis LA, Gulati S, Zelek WM, Morgan BP, Song WC, Zheng B, Nowak N, DeOliveira RB, Sanchez B, DeSouza Silva L, Schuurman J, Beurskens F, Ram S, Rice PA. Efficacy of an Experimental Gonococcal Lipooligosaccharide Mimitope Vaccine Requires Terminal Complement. J Infect Dis. 2022 05 16; 225(10):1861-1864.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.659
  4. Le W, Su X, Lou X, Li X, Gong X, Wang B, Genco CA, Mueller JP, Rice PA. Susceptibility Trends of Zoliflodacin against Multidrug-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae Clinical Isolates in Nanjing, China, 2014 to 2018. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2021 02 17; 65(3).
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.605
  5. Shaughnessy J, Ram S, Rice PA. Biology of the Gonococcus: Disease and Pathogenesis. Methods Mol Biol. 2019; 1997:1-27.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.522
  6. Ram S, Gulati S, Lewis LA, Chakraborti S, Zheng B, DeOliveira RB, Reed GW, Cox AD, Li J, St Michael F, Stupak J, Su XH, Saha S, Landig CS, Varki A, Rice PA. A Novel Sialylation Site on Neisseria gonorrhoeae Lipooligosaccharide Links Heptose II Lactose Expression with Pathogenicity. Infect Immun. 2018 08; 86(8).
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.506
  7. Rice PA, Su XH. Resistant gonorrhoea: east meets west. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018 07; 18(7):702-703.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.499
  8. Rice PA, Shafer WM, Ram S, Jerse AE. Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Drug Resistance, Mouse Models, and Vaccine Development. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2017 09 08; 71:665-686.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.476
  9. Ram S, Shaughnessy J, de Oliveira RB, Lewis LA, Gulati S, Rice PA. Gonococcal lipooligosaccharide sialylation: virulence factor and target for novel immunotherapeutics. Pathog Dis. 2017 06 01; 75(4).
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.468
  10. Lewis LA, Gulati S, Burrowes E, Zheng B, Ram S, Rice PA. a-2,3-sialyltransferase expression level impacts the kinetics of lipooligosaccharide sialylation, complement resistance, and the ability of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to colonize the murine genital tract. mBio. 2015 Feb 03; 6(1).
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.398
  11. Gulati S, Mu X, Zheng B, Reed GW, Ram S, Rice PA. Antibody to reduction modifiable protein increases the bacterial burden and the duration of gonococcal infection in a mouse model. J Infect Dis. 2015 Jul 15; 212(2):311-5.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.397
  12. Li S, Su XH, Le WJ, Jiang FX, Wang BX, Rice PA. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from symptomatic men attending the Nanjing sexually transmitted diseases clinic (2011-2012): genetic characteristics of isolates with reduced sensitivity to ceftriaxone. BMC Infect Dis. 2014 Nov 27; 14:622.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.393
  13. Gulati S, Zheng B, Reed GW, Su X, Cox AD, St Michael F, Stupak J, Lewis LA, Ram S, Rice PA. Immunization against a saccharide epitope accelerates clearance of experimental gonococcal infection. PLoS Pathog. 2013; 9(8):e1003559.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.360
  14. Ngampasutadol J, Tran C, Gulati S, Blom AM, Jerse EA, Ram S, Rice PA. Species-specificity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection: do human complement regulators contribute? Vaccine. 2008 Dec 30; 26 Suppl 8:I62-6.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.261
  15. Rice PA. Gonococcal arthritis (disseminated gonococcal infection). Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2005 Dec; 19(4):853-61.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.211
  16. Ngampasutadol J, Ram S, Blom AM, Jarva H, Jerse AE, Lien E, Goguen J, Gulati S, Rice PA. Human C4b-binding protein selectively interacts with Neisseria gonorrhoeae and results in species-specific infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Nov 22; 102(47):17142-7.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.210
  17. Kurt-Jones EA, Gulati S, King M, de Oliveira RB, Rice PA, Zheng B, Shaughnessy J, Edwards JL, Hertzog PJ, Ram S, Golenbock DT. Interferon-epsilon, an estrogen-induced type I interferon, is uniquely exploited by Neisseria gonorrhoeae via effects on sialic acid metabolism. Cell Host Microbe. 2025 Jul 09; 33(7):1133-1145.e4.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.204
  18. Gulati S, Mattsson AH, Schussek S, Zheng B, DeOliveira RB, Shaughnessy J, Lewis LA, Rice PA, Comstedt P, Ram S. Preclinical efficacy of a cell division protein candidate gonococcal vaccine identified by artificial intelligence. mBio. 2023 12 19; 14(6):e0250023.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.182
  19. Li X, Le W, Lou X, Genco CA, Rice PA, Su X. In Vitro Activity of Ertapenem against Neisseria gonorrhoeae Clinical Isolates with Decreased Susceptibility or Resistance to Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporins in Nanjing, China (2013 to 2019). Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2022 05 17; 66(5):e0010922.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.164
  20. Parzych EM, Gulati S, Zheng B, Bah MA, Elliott STC, Chu JD, Nowak N, Reed GW, Beurskens FJ, Schuurman J, Rice PA, Weiner DB, Ram S. Synthetic DNA Delivery of an Optimized and Engineered Monoclonal Antibody Provides Rapid and Prolonged Protection against Experimental Gonococcal Infection. mBio. 2021 03 16; 12(2).
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.152
  21. Shaughnessy J, Tran Y, Zheng B, DeOliveira RB, Gulati S, Song WC, Maclean JM, Wycoff KL, Ram S. Development of Complement Factor H-Based Immunotherapeutic Molecules in Tobacco Plants Against Multidrug-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Front Immunol. 2020; 11:583305.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.148
  22. Gulati S, Schoenhofen IC, Lindhout-Djukic T, Lewis LA, Moustafa IY, Saha S, Zheng B, Nowak N, Rice PA, Varki A, Ram S. Efficacy of Antigonococcal CMP-Nonulosonate Therapeutics Require Cathelicidins. J Infect Dis. 2020 10 13; 222(10):1641-1650.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.148
  23. Chakraborti S, Gulati S, Zheng B, Beurskens FJ, Schuurman J, Rice PA, Ram S. Bypassing Phase Variation of Lipooligosaccharide (LOS): Using Heptose 1 Glycan Mutants To Establish Widespread Efficacy of Gonococcal Anti-LOS Monoclonal Antibody 2C7. Infect Immun. 2020 01 22; 88(2).
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.140
  24. Gulati S, Pennington MW, Czerwinski A, Carter D, Zheng B, Nowak NA, DeOliveira RB, Shaughnessy J, Reed GW, Ram S, Rice PA. Preclinical Efficacy of a Lipooligosaccharide Peptide Mimic Candidate Gonococcal Vaccine. mBio. 2019 11 05; 10(6).
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.138
  25. Gulati S, Beurskens FJ, de Kreuk BJ, Roza M, Zheng B, DeOliveira RB, Shaughnessy J, Nowak NA, Taylor RP, Botto M, He X, Ingalls RR, Woodruff TM, Song WC, Schuurman J, Rice PA, Ram S. Complement alone drives efficacy of a chimeric antigonococcal monoclonal antibody. PLoS Biol. 2019 06; 17(6):e3000323.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.135
  26. Cristillo AD, Bristow CC, Torrone E, Dillon JA, Kirkcaldy RD, Dong H, Grad YH, Nicholas RA, Rice PA, Lawrence K, Oldach D, Shafer WM, Zhou P, Wi TE, Morris SR, Klausner JD. Antimicrobial Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Proceedings of the STAR Sexually Transmitted Infection-Clinical Trial Group Programmatic Meeting. Sex Transm Dis. 2019 03; 46(3):e18-e25.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.132
  27. Gulati S, Shaughnessy J, Ram S, Rice PA. Targeting Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) for a Gonococcal Vaccine. Front Immunol. 2019; 10:321.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.132
  28. Lewis LA, Rice PA, Ram S. Role of Gonococcal Neisserial Surface Protein A (NspA) in Serum Resistance and Comparison of Its Factor H Binding Properties with Those of Its Meningococcal Counterpart. Infect Immun. 2019 02; 87(2).
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.131
  29. Gulati S, Rice PA, Ram S. Complement-Dependent Serum Bactericidal Assays for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Methods Mol Biol. 2019; 1997:267-280.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.130
  30. Lin JS, Donegan SP, Heeren TC, Greenberg M, Flaherty EE, Haivanis R, Su XH, Dean D, Newhall WJ, Knapp JS, Sarafian SK, Rice RJ, Morse SA, Rice PA. Transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among men with urethritis and their female sex partners. J Infect Dis. 1998 Dec; 178(6):1707-12.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.130
  31. Nelson DB, Ness RB, Peipert JF, Soper DE, Amortegui AJ, Gluck J, Wiesenfeld H, Rice PA. Factors predicting upper genital tract inflammation among women with lower genital tract infection. J Womens Health. 1998 Oct; 7(8):1033-40.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.128
  32. Shaughnessy J, Lewis LA, Zheng B, Carr C, Bass I, Gulati S, DeOliveira RB, Gose S, Reed GW, Botto M, Rice PA, Ram S. Human Factor H Domains 6 and 7 Fused to IgG1 Fc Are Immunotherapeutic against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Immunol. 2018 11 01; 201(9):2700-2709.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.128
  33. Nudel K, McClure R, Moreau M, Briars E, Abrams AJ, Tjaden B, Su XH, Trees D, Rice PA, Massari P, Genco CA. Transcriptome Analysis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae during Natural Infection Reveals Differential Expression of Antibiotic Resistance Determinants between Men and Women. mSphere. 2018 08 29; 3(3).
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.126
  34. Ram S, Sharma AK, Simpson SD, Gulati S, McQuillen DP, Pangburn MK, Rice PA. A novel sialic acid binding site on factor H mediates serum resistance of sialylated Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Exp Med. 1998 Mar 02; 187(5):743-52.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.123
  35. Gulati S, McQuillen DP, Mandrell RE, Jani DB, Rice PA. Immunogenicity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae lipooligosaccharide epitope 2C7, widely expressed in vivo with no immunochemical similarity to human glycosphingolipids. J Infect Dis. 1996 Dec; 174(6):1223-37.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.113
  36. Gulati S, McQuillen DP, Sharon J, Rice PA. Experimental immunization with a monoclonal anti-idiotope antibody that mimics the Neisseria gonorrhoeae lipooligosaccharide epitope 2C7. J Infect Dis. 1996 Dec; 174(6):1238-48.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.113
  37. Wetzler LM, Feavers IM, Gray-Owen SD, Jerse AE, Rice PA, Deal CD. Summary and Recommendations from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Workshop "Gonorrhea Vaccines: the Way Forward". Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2016 Aug; 23(8):656-63.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.110
  38. Ketterer MR, Rice PA, Gulati S, Kiel S, Byerly L, Fortenberry JD, Soper DE, Apicella MA. Desialylation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Lipooligosaccharide by Cervicovaginal Microbiome Sialidases: The Potential for Enhancing Infectivity in Men. J Infect Dis. 2016 Dec 01; 214(11):1621-1628.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.110
  39. Shaughnessy J, Gulati S, Agarwal S, Unemo M, Ohnishi M, Su XH, Monks BG, Visintin A, Madico G, Lewis LA, Golenbock DT, Reed GW, Rice PA, Ram S. A Novel Factor H-Fc Chimeric Immunotherapeutic Molecule against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Immunol. 2016 Feb 15; 196(4):1732-40.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.106
  40. Gulati S, Schoenhofen IC, Whitfield DM, Cox AD, Li J, St Michael F, Vinogradov EV, Stupak J, Zheng B, Ohnishi M, Unemo M, Lewis LA, Taylor RE, Landig CS, Diaz S, Reed GW, Varki A, Rice PA, Ram S. Utilizing CMP-Sialic Acid Analogs to Unravel Neisseria gonorrhoeae Lipooligosaccharide-Mediated Complement Resistance and Design Novel Therapeutics. PLoS Pathog. 2015 Dec; 11(12):e1005290.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.105
  41. Su XH, Wang BX, Le WJ, Liu YR, Wan C, Li S, Alm RA, Mueller JP, Rice PA. Multidrug-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates from Nanjing, China, Are Sensitive to Killing by a Novel DNA Gyrase Inhibitor, ETX0914 (AZD0914). Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016 01; 60(1):621-3.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.104
  42. McClure R, Nudel K, Massari P, Tjaden B, Su X, Rice PA, Genco CA. The Gonococcal Transcriptome during Infection of the Lower Genital Tract in Women. PLoS One. 2015; 10(8):e0133982.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.103
  43. Rice PA, McQuillen DP, Gulati S, Jani DB, Wetzler LM, Blake MS, Gotschlich EC. Serum resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Does it thwart the inflammatory response and facilitate the transmission of infection? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1994 Aug 15; 730:7-14.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.096
  44. Rice PA, Schachter J. Pathogenesis of pelvic inflammatory disease. What are the questions? JAMA. 1991 Nov 13; 266(18):2587-93.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.080
  45. Agarwal S, Sebastian S, Szmigielski B, Rice PA, Genco CA. Expression of the gonococcal global regulatory protein Fur and genes encompassing the Fur and iron regulon during in vitro and in vivo infection in women. J Bacteriol. 2008 May; 190(9):3129-39.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.062
  46. Hook EW, McCormack WM, Martin D, Jones RB, Bean K, Maroli AN. Comparison of single-dose oral grepafloxacin with cefixime for treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea in men. The STD Study Group. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1997 Aug; 41(8):1843-5.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.059
  47. Porter E, Yang H, Yavagal S, Preza GC, Murillo O, Lima H, Greene S, Mahoozi L, Klein-Patel M, Diamond G, Gulati S, Ganz T, Rice PA, Quayle AJ. Distinct defensin profiles in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis urethritis reveal novel epithelial cell-neutrophil interactions. Infect Immun. 2005 Aug; 73(8):4823-33.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.051
  48. Agarwal S, King CA, Klein EK, Soper DE, Rice PA, Wetzler LM, Genco CA. The gonococcal Fur-regulated tbpA and tbpB genes are expressed during natural mucosal gonococcal infection. Infect Immun. 2005 Jul; 73(7):4281-7.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.051
  49. Ness RB, Kip KE, Soper DE, Hillier S, Stamm CA, Sweet RL, Rice P, Richter HE. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) and the risk of incident gonococcal or chlamydial genital infection in a predominantly black population. Sex Transm Dis. 2005 Jul; 32(7):413-7.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.051
  50. Bash MC, Zhu P, Gulati S, McKnew D, Rice PA, Lynn F. por Variable-region typing by DNA probe hybridization is broadly applicable to epidemiologic studies of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Clin Microbiol. 2005 Apr; 43(4):1522-30.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.050
  51. Ness RB, Hillier SL, Kip KE, Richter HE, Soper DE, Stamm CA, McGregor JA, Bass DC, Rice P, Sweet RL. Douching, pelvic inflammatory disease, and incident gonococcal and chlamydial genital infection in a cohort of high-risk women. Am J Epidemiol. 2005 Jan 15; 161(2):186-95.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.050
  52. Goldenberg DL, Reed JI, Rice PA. Arthritis in rabbits induced by killed Neisseria gonorrhoeae and gonococcal lipopolysaccharide. J Rheumatol. 1984 Feb; 11(1):3-8.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.046
  53. O'Brien JP, Goldenberg DL, Rice PA. Disseminated gonococcal infection: a prospective analysis of 49 patients and a review of pathophysiology and immune mechanisms. Medicine (Baltimore). 1983 Nov; 62(6):395-406.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.046
  54. Banerjee A, Wang R, Supernavage SL, Ghosh SK, Parker J, Ganesh NF, Wang PG, Gulati S, Rice PA. Implications of phase variation of a gene (pgtA) encoding a pilin galactosyl transferase in gonococcal pathogenesis. J Exp Med. 2002 Jul 15; 196(2):147-62.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.042
  55. Rice PA, Kasper DL. Characterization of serum resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae that disseminate. Roles of blocking antibody and gonococcal outer membrane proteins. J Clin Invest. 1982 Jul; 70(1):157-67.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.042
  56. Li X, Le W, Lou X, Wang B, Genco CA, Rice PA, Su X. In Vitro Efficacy of Gentamicin Alone and in Combination with Ceftriaxone, Ertapenem, and Azithromycin against Multidrug-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Microbiol Spectr. 2021 10 31; 9(2):e0018121.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.040
  57. Rice PA, Goldenberg DL. Clinical manifestations of disseminated infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae are linked to differences in bactericidal reactivity of infecting strains. Ann Intern Med. 1981 Aug; 95(2):175-8.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.039
  58. Gulati S, Ngampasutadol J, Yamasaki R, McQuillen DP, Rice PA. Strategies for mimicking Neisserial saccharide epitopes as vaccines. Int Rev Immunol. 2001; 20(2):229-50.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.037
  59. Rice PA, McCormack WM, Kasper DL. Natural serum bactericidal activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from disseminated, locally invasive, and uncomplicated disease. J Immunol. 1980 May; 124(5):2105-9.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.036
  60. Simpson SD, Ho Y, Rice PA, Wetzler LM. T lymphocyte response to Neisseria gonorrhoeae porin in individuals with mucosal gonococcal infections. J Infect Dis. 1999 Sep; 180(3):762-73.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.034
  61. McQuillen DP, Gulati S, Ram S, Turner AK, Jani DB, Heeren TC, Rice PA. Complement processing and immunoglobulin binding to Neisseria gonorrhoeae determined in vitro simulates in vivo effects. J Infect Dis. 1999 Jan; 179(1):124-35.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.033
  62. Rice PA, Kasper DL. Characterization of gonococcal antigens responsible for induction of bactericidal antibody in disseminated infection. J Clin Invest. 1977 Nov; 60(5):1149-58.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.030
  63. Apicella MA, Ketterer M, Lee FK, Zhou D, Rice PA, Blake MS. The pathogenesis of gonococcal urethritis in men: confocal and immunoelectron microscopic analysis of urethral exudates from men infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Infect Dis. 1996 Mar; 173(3):636-46.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.027
  64. Lewis LA, Choudhury B, Balthazar JT, Martin LE, Ram S, Rice PA, Stephens DS, Carlson R, Shafer WM. Phosphoethanolamine substitution of lipid A and resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to cationic antimicrobial peptides and complement-mediated killing by normal human serum. Infect Immun. 2009 Mar; 77(3):1112-20.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.016
  65. Densen P, Gulati S, Rice PA. Specificity of antibodies against Neisseria gonorrhoeae that stimulate neutrophil chemotaxis. Role of antibodies directed against lipooligosaccharides. J Clin Invest. 1987 Jul; 80(1):78-87.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.015
  66. Lammel CJ, Sweet RL, Rice PA, Knapp JS, Schoolnik GK, Heilbron DC, Brooks GF. Antibody-antigen specificity in the immune response to infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Infect Dis. 1985 Nov; 152(5):990-1001.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.013
  67. Rice PA, Dale PA. Infections of the genitourinary tract in women: selected aspects. Adv Intern Med. 1984; 30:53-78.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.012
  68. Platt R, Rice PA, McCormack WM. Risk of acquiring gonorrhea and prevalence of abnormal adnexal findings among women recently exposed to gonorrhea. JAMA. 1983 Dec 16; 250(23):3205-9.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.011
  69. Goldenberg DL, Chisholm PL, Rice PA. Experimental models of bacterial arthritis: a microbiologic and histopathologic characterization of the arthritis after the intraarticular injections of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Staphylococcus aureus, group A streptococci, and Escherichia coli. J Rheumatol. 1983 Feb; 10(1):5-11.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.011
  70. Kasper DL, Rice PA, McCormick WM. Bactericidal antibody in genital infection due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Infect Dis. 1977 Feb; 135(2):243-51.
    View in: PubMed
    Score: 0.007
Connection Strength

The connection strength for concepts is the sum of the scores for each matching publication.

Publication scores are based on many factors, including how long ago they were written and whether the person is a first or senior author.