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Howard Smithline MD, MS

TitleAssociate Professor
InstitutionUMMS - Baystate Regional Campus
DepartmentEmergency Medicine at UMMS-Baystate
AddressBaystate Health Regional Campus
759 Chestnut Street
Springfield MA 01199
Phone413-794-3343
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    Collapse Biography 
    Collapse education and training
    Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United StatesBSMedicine
    University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, United StatesMSStats Analysis/Clinical Design
    Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United StatesMD

    Collapse Bibliographic 
    Collapse selected publications
    Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Faculty can login to make corrections and additions.
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    1. Smithline HA, Donnino M, Blank FSJ, Barus R, Coute RA, Knee AB, Visintainer P. Supplemental thiamine for the treatment of acute heart failure syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019 May 06; 19(1):96. PMID: 31060559.
      View in: PubMed
    2. Selker HP, Kwong M, Ruthazer R, Gorman S, Green G, Patchen E, Udelson JE, Smithline HA, Baumann MR, Harris PA, Shah RU, Nelson SJ, Cohen T, Jones EB, Barnewolt BA, Williams AE. An example of medical device-based projection of clinical trial enrollment: Use of electrocardiographic data to identify candidates for a trial in acute coronary syndromes. J Clin Transl Sci. 2018 Dec; 2(6):377-383. PMID: 31404280.
      View in: PubMed
    3. Donnino MW, Andersen LW, Berg KM, Chase M, Sherwin R, Smithline H, Carney E, Ngo L, Patel PV, Liu X, Cutlip D, Zimetbaum P, Cocchi MN. Corticosteroid therapy in refractory shock following cardiac arrest: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, trial. Crit Care. 2016 Apr 03; 20:82. PMID: 27038920; PMCID: PMC4818959.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    4. Donnino MW, Andersen LW, Chase M, Berg KM, Tidswell M, Giberson T, Wolfe R, Moskowitz A, Smithline H, Ngo L, Cocchi MN. Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Thiamine as a Metabolic Resuscitator in Septic Shock: A Pilot Study. Crit Care Med. 2016 Feb; 44(2):360-7. PMID: 26771781; PMCID: PMC4754670 [Available on 02/01/17].
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    5. Rathlev N, Almomen R, Deutsch A, Smithline H, Li H, Visintainer P. Randomized Controlled Trial of Electronic Care Plan Alerts and Resource Utilization by High Frequency Emergency Department Users with Opioid Use Disorder. West J Emerg Med. 2016 Jan; 17(1):28-34. PMID: 26823927.
      View in: PubMed
    6. Trotter Z, Spirko B, Smithline H, Garb J. Prevalence of Inconsistencies in the Recorded Outcomes of Clinical Evaluations. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2015 Jun 27. PMID: 26125531.
      View in: PubMed
    7. Russell FM, Moore CL, Courtney DM, Kabrhel C, Smithline HA, Nordenholz KE, Richman PB, O'Neil BJ, Plewa MC, Beam DM, Mastouri R, Kline JA. Independent evaluation of a simple clinical prediction rule to identify right ventricular dysfunction in patients with shortness of breath. Am J Emerg Med. 2015 Apr; 33(4):542-7. PMID: 25769797.
      View in: PubMed
    8. Wilcox SR, Seigel TA, Strout TD, Schneider JI, Mitchell PM, Marcolini EG, Cocchi MN, Smithline HA, Lutfy-Clayton L, Mullen M, Ilgen JS, Richards JB. Emergency medicine residents' knowledge of mechanical ventilation. J Emerg Med. 2015 Apr; 48(4):481-91. PMID: 25497896.
      View in: PubMed
    9. Hasegawa K, Tsugawa Y, Lopez BL, Smithline HA, Sullivan AF, Camargo CA. Body mass index and risk of hospitalization among adults presenting with asthma exacerbation to the emergency department. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2014 Nov; 11(9):1439-44. PMID: 25314160.
      View in: PubMed
    10. Nowak RM, Parker JM, Silverman RA, Rowe BH, Smithline H, Khan F, Fiening JP, Kim K, Molfino NA. A randomized trial of benralizumab, an antiinterleukin 5 receptor a monoclonal antibody, after acute asthma. Am J Emerg Med. 2015 Jan; 33(1):14-20. PMID: 25445859.
      View in: PubMed
    11. Tutay GJ, Capraro G, Spirko B, Garb J, Smithline H. Electrolyte profile of pediatric patients with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2013 Apr; 29(4):465-8. PMID: 23528507.
      View in: PubMed
    12. Venkatesh AK, Kline JA, Courtney DM, Camargo CA, Plewa MC, Nordenholz KE, Moore CL, Richman PB, Smithline HA, Beam DM, Kabrhel C. Evaluation of pulmonary embolism in the emergency department and consistency with a national quality measure: quantifying the opportunity for improvement. Arch Intern Med. 2012 Jul 09; 172(13):1028-32. PMID: 22664742; PMCID: PMC3775003.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    13. Kline JA, Hogg MM, Courtney DM, Miller CD, Jones AE, Smithline HA. D-dimer threshold increase with pretest probability unlikely for pulmonary embolism to decrease unnecessary computerized tomographic pulmonary angiography. J Thromb Haemost. 2012 Apr; 10(4):572-81. PMID: 22284935; PMCID: PMC3319270.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    14. Smithline HA, Donnino M, Greenblatt DJ. Pharmacokinetics of high-dose oral thiamine hydrochloride in healthy subjects. BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2012 Feb 04; 12:4. PMID: 22305197; PMCID: PMC3293077.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    15. Greenman RL, Wang X, Smithline HA. Simultaneous acquisition of phosphocreatine and inorganic phosphate images for Pi:PCr ratio mapping using a RARE sequence with chemically selective interleaving. Magn Reson Imaging. 2011 Oct; 29(8):1138-44. PMID: 21641744; PMCID: PMC3172363.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    16. Greenman RL, Smithline HA. The feasibility of measuring phosphocreatine recovery kinetics in muscle using a single-shot (31)P RARE MRI sequence. Acad Radiol. 2011 Jul; 18(7):917-23. PMID: 21536463; PMCID: PMC3115448.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    17. Wu JS, Buettner C, Smithline H, Ngo LH, Greenman RL. Evaluation of skeletal muscle during calf exercise by 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients on statin medications. Muscle Nerve. 2011 Jan; 43(1):76-81. PMID: 21171098; PMCID: PMC3332539.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    18. Smithline HA, Caglar S, Blank FS. Assessing validity by comparing transition and static measures of dyspnea in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. Congest Heart Fail. 2010 Sep-Oct; 16(5):202-7. PMID: 20887616.
      View in: PubMed
    19. Kabrhel C, Mark Courtney D, Camargo CA, Plewa MC, Nordenholz KE, Moore CL, Richman PB, Smithline HA, Beam DM, Kline JA. Factors associated with positive D-dimer results in patients evaluated for pulmonary embolism. Acad Emerg Med. 2010 Jun; 17(6):589-97. PMID: 20624138; PMCID: PMC3538031.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    20. Kline JA, Hogg MM, Courtney DM, Miller CD, Jones AE, Smithline HA, Klekowski N, Lanier R. D-dimer and exhaled CO2/O2 to detect segmental pulmonary embolism in moderate-risk patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010 Sep 01; 182(5):669-75. PMID: 20448094; PMCID: PMC2937237.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    21. Smithline HA, Caglar S, Blank FS. Physician vs patient assessment of dyspnea during acute decompensated heart failure. Congest Heart Fail. 2010 Mar-Apr; 16(2):60-4. PMID: 20412470.
      View in: PubMed
    22. Camargo CA, Gurner DM, Smithline HA, Chapela R, Fabbri LM, Green SA, Malice MP, Legrand C, Dass SB, Knorr BA, Reiss TF. A randomized placebo-controlled study of intravenous montelukast for the treatment of acute asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010 Feb; 125(2):374-80. PMID: 20159247.
      View in: PubMed
    23. Kline JA, Courtney DM, Than MP, Hogg K, Miller CD, Johnson CL, Smithline HA. Accuracy of very low pretest probability estimates for pulmonary embolism using the method of attribute matching compared with the Wells score. Acad Emerg Med. 2010 Feb; 17(2):133-41. PMID: 20370742.
      View in: PubMed
    24. Donnino MW, Cocchi MN, Smithline H, Carney E, Chou PP, Salciccioli J, Salciccoli J. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery depletes plasma thiamine levels. Nutrition. 2010 Jan; 26(1):133-6. PMID: 20005469; PMCID: PMC2874825.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    25. Courtney DM, Kline JA, Kabrhel C, Moore CL, Smithline HA, Nordenholz KE, Richman PB, Plewa MC. Clinical features from the history and physical examination that predict the presence or absence of pulmonary embolism in symptomatic emergency department patients: results of a prospective, multicenter study. Ann Emerg Med. 2010 Apr; 55(4):307-315.e1. PMID: 20045580; PMCID: PMC2847003.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    26. Courtney DM, Miller C, Smithline H, Klekowski N, Hogg M, Kline JA. Prospective multicenter assessment of interobserver agreement for radiologist interpretation of multidetector computerized tomographic angiography for pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost. 2010 Mar; 8(3):533-9. PMID: 20015156.
      View in: PubMed
    27. Henneman PL, Garb JL, Capraro GA, Li H, Smithline HA, Wait RB. Geography and travel distance impact emergency department visits. J Emerg Med. 2011 Mar; 40(3):333-9. PMID: 20005663.
      View in: PubMed
    28. Marchick MR, Courtney DM, Kabrhel C, Nordenholz KE, Plewa MC, Richman PB, Smithline HA, Kline JA. 12-lead ECG findings of pulmonary hypertension occur more frequently in emergency department patients with pulmonary embolism than in patients without pulmonary embolism. Ann Emerg Med. 2010 Apr; 55(4):331-5. PMID: 19766353.
      View in: PubMed
    29. Smithline HA, Rudnitzky N, Macomber S, Blank FS. Pulse oximetry using a disposable finger sensor placed on the forehead in hypoxic patients. J Emerg Med. 2010 Jul; 39(1):121-5. PMID: 19406607.
      View in: PubMed
    30. Kabrhel C, Mark Courtney D, Camargo CA, Moore CL, Richman PB, Plewa MC, Nordenholtz KE, Smithline HA, Beam DM, Brown MD, Kline JA. Potential impact of adjusting the threshold of the quantitative D-dimer based on pretest probability of acute pulmonary embolism. Acad Emerg Med. 2009 Apr; 16(4):325-32. PMID: 19298619.
      View in: PubMed
    31. Henneman PL, Nathanson BH, Li H, Smithline HA, Blank FS, Santoro JP, Maynard AM, Provost DA, Henneman EA. Emergency department patients who stay more than 6 hours contribute to crowding. J Emerg Med. 2010 Jul; 39(1):105-12. PMID: 19157757.
      View in: PubMed
    32. Capraro GA, Coughlin BF, Mader TJ, Smithline HA. Testicular cooling associated with testicular torsion and its detection by infrared thermography: an experimental study in sheep. J Urol. 2008 Dec; 180(6):2688-93. PMID: 18951560.
      View in: PubMed
    33. Caglar S, Henneman PL, Blank FS, Smithline HA, Henneman EA. Emergency department medication lists are not accurate. J Emerg Med. 2011 Jun; 40(6):613-6. PMID: 18829201.
      View in: PubMed
    34. Henneman PL, Lemanski M, Smithline HA, Tomaszewski A, Mayforth JA. Emergency department admissions are more profitable than non-emergency department admissions. Ann Emerg Med. 2009 Feb; 53(2):249-255. PMID: 18786746.
      View in: PubMed
    35. Blank FS, Miller M, Nichols J, Smithline H, Crabb G, Pekow P. Blood glucose measurement in patients with suspected diabetic ketoacidosis: a comparison of Abbott MediSense PCx point-of-care meter values to reference laboratory values. J Emerg Nurs. 2009 Apr; 35(2):93-6. PMID: 19285169.
      View in: PubMed
    36. Kline JA, Courtney DM, Kabrhel C, Moore CL, Smithline HA, Plewa MC, Richman PB, O'Neil BJ, Nordenholz K. Prospective multicenter evaluation of the pulmonary embolism rule-out criteria. J Thromb Haemost. 2008 May; 6(5):772-80. PMID: 18318689.
      View in: PubMed
    37. Baevsky RH, Haber MD, Blank FS, Smithline H. Supine vs semirecumbent and upright 12-lead electrocardiogram: does change in body position alter the electrocardiographic interpretation for ischemia? Am J Emerg Med. 2007 Sep; 25(7):753-6. PMID: 17870476.
      View in: PubMed
    38. Smithline HA. Acute decompensated heart failure. CMAJ. 2007 Jul 17; 177(2):175; author reply 175-6. PMID: 17638957; PMCID: PMC1913128.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    39. Smithline HA. Thiamine for the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure. Am J Emerg Med. 2007 Jan; 25(1):124-6. PMID: 17157711.
      View in: PubMed
    40. Capraro GA, Mader TJ, Coughlin BF, Lovewell C, St Louis MR, Tirabassi M, Wadie G, Smithline HA. Feasibility of using near-infrared spectroscopy to diagnose testicular torsion: an experimental study in sheep. Ann Emerg Med. 2007 Apr; 49(4):520-5. PMID: 16997426.
      View in: PubMed
    41. Lee SY, Coughlin B, Wolfe JM, Polino J, Blank FS, Smithline HA. Prospective comparison of helical CT of the abdomen and pelvis without and with oral contrast in assessing acute abdominal pain in adult Emergency Department patients. Emerg Radiol. 2006 May; 12(4):150-7. PMID: 16738930.
      View in: PubMed
    42. Wolfe JM, Smithline H, Lee S, Coughlin B, Polino J, Blank F. The impact of body mass index on concordance in the interpretation of matched noncontrast and contrast abdominal pelvic computed tomographic scans in ED patients with nontraumatic abdominal pain. Am J Emerg Med. 2006 Mar; 24(2):144-8. PMID: 16490641.
      View in: PubMed
    43. Lemanski M, Smithline H, Blank FS, Henneman PL. Accuracy of laceration length estimation. Am J Emerg Med. 2005 Nov; 23(7):920-1. PMID: 16291461.
      View in: PubMed
    44. Smithline HA, Rowe BH, Radeos MS, Cydulka RK, Camargo CA. Research opportunities in the management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Acad Emerg Med. 2005 Aug; 12(8):742-50. PMID: 16079428.
      View in: PubMed
    45. Blank FS, Li H, Henneman PL, Smithline HA, Santoro JS, Provost D, Maynard AM. A descriptive study of heavy emergency department users at an academic emergency department reveals heavy ED users have better access to care than average users. J Emerg Nurs. 2005 Apr; 31(2):139-44. PMID: 15834378.
      View in: PubMed
    46. Griffin JA, Playe SJ, Osborne B, Smithline HA. A report of dangerously high carbon monoxide levels within the passenger compartment of a snow-obstructed vehicle. BMC Emerg Med. 2004 Oct 10; 4(1):4. PMID: 15473913.
      View in: PubMed
    47. Baevsky RH, Kapur RK, Smithline HA. Beckman Access versus the Bayer ACS:180 and the Abbott AxSYM cardiac Troponin-I real-time immunoassays: an observational prospective study. BMC Emerg Med. 2004 Jul 13; 4(1):2. PMID: 15248900.
      View in: PubMed
    48. Wolfe JM, Smithline HA, Phipen S, Montano G, Garb JL, Fiallo V. Does morphine change the physical examination in patients with acute appendicitis? Am J Emerg Med. 2004 Jul; 22(4):280-5. PMID: 15258869.
      View in: PubMed
    49. Baevsky RH, Lu MY, Smithline HA. The effectiveness of wireless telephone communication technology on ambient noise level reduction within the ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2004 Jul; 22(4):317-8. PMID: 15258879.
      View in: PubMed
    50. Huynh LN, Coughlin BF, Wolfe J, Blank F, Lee SY, Smithline HA. Patient encounter time intervals in the evaluation of emergency department patients requiring abdominopelvic CT: oral contrast versus no contrast. Emerg Radiol. 2004 Jul; 10(6):310-3. PMID: 15278712.
      View in: PubMed
    51. Baevsky RH, Nyquist SN, Roy MN, Smithline HA. Antipyretic effectiveness of intravenous ketorolac tromethamine. J Emerg Med. 2004 May; 26(4):407-10. PMID: 15093845.
      View in: PubMed
    52. Arnold JL, Halpern P, Tsai MC, Smithline H. Mass casualty terrorist bombings: a comparison of outcomes by bombing type. Ann Emerg Med. 2004 Feb; 43(2):263-73. PMID: 14747818.
      View in: PubMed
    53. Smithline H. Use of natriuretic peptides in guiding treatment decisions for acute pulmonary embolism. Circulation. 2003 Sep 30; 108(13):e93; author reply e93. PMID: 14517155.
      View in: PubMed
    54. Fordyce J, Blank FS, Pekow P, Smithline HA, Ritter G, Gehlbach S, Benjamin E, Henneman PL. Errors in a busy emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2003 Sep; 42(3):324-33. PMID: 12944883.
      View in: PubMed
    55. Mader TJ, Blank FS, Smithline HA, Wolfe JM. How reliable are pain scores? A pilot study of 20 healthy volunteers. J Emerg Nurs. 2003 Aug; 29(4):322-5. PMID: 12874553.
      View in: PubMed
    56. Arnold JL, Tsai MC, Halpern P, Smithline H, Stok E, Ersoy G. Mass-casualty, terrorist bombings: epidemiological outcomes, resource utilization, and time course of emergency needs (Part I). Prehosp Disaster Med. 2003 Jul-Sep; 18(3):220-34. PMID: 15141862.
      View in: PubMed
    57. Smithline HA, Thompson M, Moran C, Mader TJ. Can CK-MB and cTn-I be detected in the peripheral circulation within the first 10 min of acute coronary ischemia? Med Hypotheses. 2003 Apr; 60(4):598-602. PMID: 12615531.
      View in: PubMed
    58. Mader TJ, Smithline HA, Durkin L, Scriver G. A randomized controlled trial of intravenous aminophylline for atropine-resistant out-of-hospital asystolic cardiac arrest. Acad Emerg Med. 2003 Mar; 10(3):192-7. PMID: 12615581.
      View in: PubMed
    59. Smithline HA, Mader TJ, Ali FM, Cocchi MN. Determining pretest probability of DVT: clinical intuition vs. validated scoring systems. Am J Emerg Med. 2003 Mar; 21(2):161-2. PMID: 12671824.
      View in: PubMed
    60. Smithline HA, Ward KR, Chiulli DA, Blake HC, Rivers EP. Whole body oxygen consumption and critical oxygen delivery in response to prolonged and severe carbon monoxide poisoning. Resuscitation. 2003 Jan; 56(1):97-104. PMID: 12505745.
      View in: PubMed
    61. Camargo CA, Smithline HA, Malice MP, Green SA, Reiss TF. A randomized controlled trial of intravenous montelukast in acute asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003 Feb 15; 167(4):528-33. PMID: 12456380.
      View in: PubMed
    62. Blank FS, Smithline HA. Evaluation of an educational video for cardiac patients. Clin Nurs Res. 2002 Nov; 11(4):403-16. PMID: 12413113.
      View in: PubMed
    63. Mader TJ, Smithline HA, Nyquist S, Letourneau P. Social services referral of adolescent trauma patients admitted following alcohol-related injury. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2001 Oct; 21(3):167-72. PMID: 11728791.
      View in: PubMed
    64. Smith DC, Mader TJ, Smithline HA. Low dose intravenous ketamine as an analgesic: a pilot study using an experimental model of acute pain. Am J Emerg Med. 2001 Oct; 19(6):531-2. PMID: 11593484.
      View in: PubMed
    65. Santoro JP, Blank FS, Smithline H. Follow-up of discrepancies in X-ray and electrocardiogram interpretations, and positive laboratory results. J Emerg Med. 2001 Apr; 20(3):315-9. PMID: 11267826.
      View in: PubMed
    66. Arnopolin SL, Smithline HA. Patient care by physician assistants and by physicians in an emergency department. JAAPA. 2000 Dec; 13(12):39-40, 49-50, 53-4 passim. PMID: 11523490.
      View in: PubMed
    67. Griffin J, Smithline H, Cook J. Runaway pacemaker: a case report and review. J Emerg Med. 2000 Aug; 19(2):177-81. PMID: 10903469.
      View in: PubMed
    68. Wolfe JM, Lein DY, Lenkoski K, Smithline HA. Analgesic administration to patients with an acute abdomen: a survey of emergency medicine physicians. Am J Emerg Med. 2000 May; 18(3):250-3. PMID: 10830676.
      View in: PubMed
    69. Smith DC, Bergen JM, Smithline H, Kirschner R. A trial of etomidate for rapid sequence intubation in the emergency department. J Emerg Med. 2000 Jan; 18(1):13-6. PMID: 10645829.
      View in: PubMed
    70. Smithline HA, Mader TJ, Crenshaw BJ. Do patients with acute medical conditions have the capacity to give informed consent for emergency medicine research? Acad Emerg Med. 1999 Aug; 6(8):776-80. PMID: 10463547.
      View in: PubMed
    71. Mader TJ, Smithline HA, Gibson P. Aminophylline in undifferentiated out-of-hospital asystolic cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 1999 Jun; 41(1):39-45. PMID: 10459591.
      View in: PubMed
    72. Rivers EP, Blake HC, Dereczyk B, Ressler JA, Talos EL, Patel R, Smithline HA, Rady MY, Wortsman J. Adrenal dysfunction in hemodynamically unstable patients in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 1999 Jun; 6(6):626-30. PMID: 10386680.
      View in: PubMed
    73. Baevsky RH, Fisher AL, Smithline HA, Salzberg MR. The influence of physician attire on patient satisfaction. Acad Emerg Med. 1998 Jan; 5(1):82-4. PMID: 9444349.
      View in: PubMed
    74. Smithline HA, Gerstle ML. Waiver of informed consent: a survey of emergency medicine patients. Am J Emerg Med. 1998 Jan; 16(1):90-1. PMID: 9451323.
      View in: PubMed
    75. Witting MD, Smithline HA. Orthostatic change in shock index: comparison with traditional tilt test definitions. Acad Emerg Med. 1996 Oct; 3(10):926-31. PMID: 8891038.
      View in: PubMed
    76. Rady MY, Smithline HA, Blake H, Nowak R, Rivers E. A comparison of the shock index and conventional vital signs to identify acute, critical illness in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 1994 Oct; 24(4):685-90. PMID: 8092595.
      View in: PubMed
    77. Adams CP, Martin GB, Rivers EP, Ward KR, Smithline HA, Rady MY. Hemodynamics of interposed abdominal compression during human cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Acad Emerg Med. 1994 Sep-Oct; 1(5):498-502. PMID: 7614309.
      View in: PubMed
    78. Smithline HA, Rivers EP, Rady MY, Blake HC, Nowak RM. Biphasic extrathoracic pressure CPR. A human pilot study. Chest. 1994 Mar; 105(3):842-6. PMID: 8131549.
      View in: PubMed
    79. Schultz CH, Rivers EP, Feldkamp CS, Goad EG, Smithline HA, Martin GB, Fath JJ, Wortsman J, Nowak RM. A characterization of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function during and after human cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med. 1993 Sep; 21(9):1339-47. PMID: 8396524.
      View in: PubMed
    80. Smithline H, Rivers E, Appleton T, Nowak R. Corticosteroid supplementation during cardiac arrest in rats. Resuscitation. 1993 Jun; 25(3):257-64. PMID: 8351423.
      View in: PubMed
    81. Rivers EP, Rady MY, Martin GB, Fenn NM, Smithline HA, Alexander ME, Nowak RM. Venous hyperoxia after cardiac arrest. Characterization of a defect in systemic oxygen utilization. Chest. 1992 Dec; 102(6):1787-93. PMID: 1446489.
      View in: PubMed
    82. Rady MY, Rivers EP, Martin GB, Smithline H, Appelton T, Nowak RM. Continuous central venous oximetry and shock index in the emergency department: use in the evaluation of clinical shock. Am J Emerg Med. 1992 Nov; 10(6):538-41. PMID: 1388378.
      View in: PubMed
    83. Rivers EP, Martin GB, Smithline H, Rady MY, Schultz CH, Goetting MG, Appleton TJ, Nowak RM. The clinical implications of continuous central venous oxygen saturation during human CPR. Ann Emerg Med. 1992 Sep; 21(9):1094-101. PMID: 1514720.
      View in: PubMed
    84. Rivers EP, Paradis NA, Martin GB, Goetting ME, Rosenberg JA, Smithline HA, Appleton TJ, Nowak RM. Cerebral lactate uptake during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1991 May; 11(3):479-84. PMID: 2016356.
      View in: PubMed
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