Header Logo

Giovanni Ughi PHD

TitleAssistant Professor
InstitutionUMass Chan Medical School
DepartmentRadiology
AddressUMass Chan Medical School
55 Lake Avenue North SA-107R
Worcester MA 01655
Phone617-505-8880
vCardDownload vCard
    Other Positions
    InstitutionT.H. Chan School of Medicine
    DepartmentRadiology


    Collapse Biography 
    Collapse education and training
    University of Padua, Padua, , ItalyBSBiomedical Engineering
    University of Padua, Padua, , ItalyMSBiomedical Engineering
    University of Leuven, Leuven, , BelgiumPHDBiomedical Sciences

    Collapse Overview 
    Collapse Post Docs
    Harvard Medical School and
    Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
    Postdoctoral Training Biomedical Optics and Translational Medicine


    Collapse Research 
    Collapse research activities and funding
    R43NS100163     (UGHI, GIOVANNI J)Apr 1, 2017 - Mar 31, 2018
    NIH
    Image-Guided Endovascular Neurosurgery: High-Resolution Cerebrovascular Imaging
    Role: Principal Investigator

    R44NS100163     (UGHI, GIOVANNI J.)Apr 1, 2017 - Apr 30, 2020
    NIH
    Micro-imaging catheters for high-resolution, image-guided, endovascular repair of brain aneurysms
    Role: Principal Investigator

    Collapse Bibliographic 
    Collapse selected publications
    Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Faculty can login to make corrections and additions.
    Newest   |   Oldest   |   Most Cited   |   Most Discussed   |   Timeline   |   Field Summary   |   Plain Text
    PMC Citations indicate the number of times the publication was cited by articles in PubMed Central, and the Altmetric score represents citations in news articles and social media. (Note that publications are often cited in additional ways that are not shown here.) Fields are based on how the National Library of Medicine (NLM) classifies the publication's journal and might not represent the specific topic of the publication. Translation tags are based on the publication type and the MeSH terms NLM assigns to the publication. Some publications (especially newer ones and publications not in PubMed) might not yet be assigned Field or Translation tags.) Click a Field or Translation tag to filter the publications.
    1. Zoppo CT, Kolstad JW, King RM, Wolfe T, Kraitem A, Vardar Z, Badruddin A, Pereira E, Guerrero BP, Rosqueta AS, Ughi GJ, Gounis MJ, Zaidat OO, Anagnostakou V. A novel intrasaccular aneurysm device with high complete occlusion rate: initial results in a rabbit model. J Neurointerv Surg. 2024 Aug 14; 16(9):928-933. PMID: 37527927.
      Citations:    Fields:    
    2. Pereira VM, Lylyk P, Cancelliere N, Lylyk PN, Lylyk I, Anagnostakou V, Bleise C, Nishi H, Epshtein M, King RM, Shazeeb MS, Puri AS, Liang CW, Hanel RA, Spears J, Marotta TR, Lopes DK, Gounis MJ, Ughi GJ. Volumetric microscopy of cerebral arteries with a miniaturized optical coherence tomography imaging probe. Sci Transl Med. 2024 May 15; 16(747):eadl4497. PMID: 38748771.
      Citations:    
    3. Bezerra HG, Quimby DL, Matar F, Mohanty BD, Bassily E, Ughi GJ. High-Frequency Optical Coherence Tomography (HF-OCT) for Preintervention Coronary Imaging: A First-in-Human Study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2023 07; 16(7):982-984. PMID: 37407126.
      Citations:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    4. Nishi T, Kume T, Yamada R, Koto S, Sasahira Y, Okamoto H, Tamada T, Koyama T, Imai K, Neishi Y, Ughi GJ, Uemura S. Efficacy of a new generation intracoronary optical coherence tomography imaging system with fast pullback. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2023 02; 101(3):520-527. PMID: 36740230.
      Citations:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    5. King RM, Peker A, Anagnostakou V, Raskett CM, Arends JM, Dixit HG, Ughi GJ, Puri AS, Gounis MJ, Shazeeb MS. High-frequency optical coherence tomography predictors of aneurysm occlusion following flow diverter treatment in a preclinical model. J Neurointerv Surg. 2023 Sep; 15(9):919-923. PMID: 36002288.
      Citations: 1     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    6. Anagnostakou V, Epshtein M, Ughi GJ, King RM, Valavanis A, Puri AS, Gounis MJ. Transvascular in vivo microscopy of the subarachnoid space. J Neurointerv Surg. 2022 May; 14(5). PMID: 35115394.
      Citations: 1     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimals
    7. Iwata H, Osborn EA, Ughi GJ, Murakami K, Goettsch C, Hutcheson JD, Mauskapf A, Mattson PC, Libby P, Singh SA, Matamalas J, Aikawa E, Tearney GJ, Aikawa M, Jaffer FA. Highly Selective PPARa (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor a) Agonist Pemafibrate Inhibits Stent Inflammation and Restenosis Assessed by Multimodality Molecular-Microstructural Imaging. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021 10 19; 10(20):e020834. PMID: 34632804.
      Citations: 2     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    8. Osborn EA, Ughi GJ, Verjans JW, Piao Z, Gerbaud E, Albaghdadi M, Khraishah H, Kassab MB, Takx RAP, Cui J, Mauskapf A, Shen C, Yeh RW, Klimas MT, Tawakol A, Tearney GJ, Jaffer FA. Intravascular Molecular-Structural Assessment of Arterial Inflammation in Preclinical Atherosclerosis Progression. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021 11; 14(11):2265-2267. PMID: 34419392.
      Citations: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    9. Anagnostakou V, Ughi GJ, Puri AS, Gounis MJ. Optical Coherence Tomography for Neurovascular Disorders. Neuroscience. 2021 10 15; 474:134-144. PMID: 34126186.
      Citations: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    10. Caroff J, King RM, Ughi GJ, Marosfoi M, Langan ET, Raskett C, Puri AS, Gounis MJ. Longitudinal Monitoring of Flow-Diverting Stent Tissue Coverage After Implant in a Bifurcation Model Using Neurovascular High-Frequency Optical Coherence Tomography. Neurosurgery. 2020 11 16; 87(6):1311-1319. PMID: 32463884.
      Citations: 1     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    11. Vardar Z, King RM, Kraitem A, Langan ET, Peterson LM, Duncan BH, Raskett CM, Anagnostakou V, Gounis MJ, Puri AS, Ughi GJ. High-resolution image-guided WEB aneurysm embolization by high-frequency optical coherence tomography. J Neurointerv Surg. 2021 Jul; 13(7):669-673. PMID: 32989033.
      Citations: 5     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    12. Ughi GJ, Marosfoi MG, King RM, Caroff J, Peterson LM, Duncan BH, Langan ET, Collins A, Leporati A, Rousselle S, Lopes DK, Gounis MJ, Puri AS. A neurovascular high-frequency optical coherence tomography system enables in situ cerebrovascular volumetric microscopy. Nat Commun. 2020 07 31; 11(1):3851. PMID: 32737314.
      Citations: 10     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimals
    13. King RM, Langan ET, Ughi GJ, Raskett CM, Puri AS, Henkes H, Gounis MJ. Acute Thrombus Burden on Coated Flow Diverters Assessed by High Frequency Optical Coherence Tomography. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2020 Aug; 43(8):1218-1223. PMID: 32385610.
      Citations: 2     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    14. King RM, Marosfoi M, Caroff J, Ughi GJ, Groth DM, Gounis MJ, Puri AS. High frequency optical coherence tomography assessment of homogenous neck coverage by intrasaccular devices predicts successful aneurysm occlusion. J Neurointerv Surg. 2019 Nov; 11(11):1150-1154. PMID: 31036558.
      Citations: 9     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    15. Gounis MJ, Ughi GJ, Marosfoi M, Lopes DK, Fiorella D, Bezerra HG, Liang CW, Puri AS. Intravascular Optical Coherence Tomography for Neurointerventional Surgery. Stroke. 2019 Jan; 50(1):218-223. PMID: 30580737.
      Citations: 15     Fields:    
    16. Pyxaras SA, Adriaenssens T, Barbato E, Ughi GJ, Di Serafino L, De Vroey F, Toth G, Tu S, Reiber JHC, Bax JJ, Wijns W. In-stent fractional flow reserve variations and related optical coherence tomography findings: the FFR-OCT co-registration study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018 Apr; 34(4):495-502. PMID: 29080150.
      Citations: 3     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    17. Teeuwen K, Spoormans EM, Bennett J, Dubois C, Desmet W, Ughi GJ, Belmans A, Kelder JC, Tijssen JGP, Agostoni P, Suttorp MJ, Adriaenssens T. Optical coherence tomography findings: insights from the "randomised multicentre trial investigating angiographic outcomes of hybrid sirolimus-eluting stents with biodegradable polymer compared with everolimus-eluting stents with durable polymer in chronic total occlusions" (PRISON IV) trial. EuroIntervention. 2017 Aug 04; 13(5):e522-e530. PMID: 28512069.
      Citations: 4     Fields:    Translation:HumansCTClinical Trials
    18. Buysschaert I, Ughi GJ, Adriaenssens T, Vermeersch P. Very late stent thrombosis and longitudinal stent deformation. Acta Cardiol. 2017 Apr; 72(2):216-217. PMID: 28597802.
      Citations: 2     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    19. Gnanadesigan M, Kameyama T, Karanasos A, van Ditzhuijzen NS, van der Sijde JN, van Geuns RJ, Ligthart J, Witberg K, Ughi GJ, van der Steen AF, Regar E, van Soest G. Automated characterisation of lipid core plaques in vivo by quantitative optical coherence tomography tissue type imaging. EuroIntervention. 2016 Dec 20; 12(12):1490-1497. PMID: 27998841.
      Citations: 3     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    20. Pyxaras SA, Toth GG, Di Gioia G, Ughi GJ, Tu S, Rusinaru D, Adriaenssens T, Reiber JHC, Leon MB, Bax JJ, Wijns W. Anatomical and functional assessment of Tryton bifurcation stent before and after final kissing balloon dilatation: Evaluations by three-dimensional coronary angiography, optical coherence tomography imaging and fractional flow reserve. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2017 Jul; 90(1):E1-E10. PMID: 27567002.
      Citations:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    21. Verjans JW, Osborn EA, Ughi GJ, Calfon Press MA, Hamidi E, Antoniadis AP, Papafaklis MI, Conrad MF, Libby P, Stone PH, Cambria RP, Tearney GJ, Jaffer FA. Targeted Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of?Atherosclerosis: Clinical and Intracoronary Evaluation of Indocyanine Green. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016 09; 9(9):1087-1095. PMID: 27544892.
      Citations: 40     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimals
    22. Dubois C, Bennett J, Dens J, De Cock D, Desmet W, Belmans A, Ughi GJ, Sinnaeve P, Vrolix M, D'hooge J, Adriaenssens T. COmplex coronary Bifurcation lesions: RAndomized comparison of a strategy using a dedicated self-expanding biolimus-eluting stent versus a culotte strategy using everolimus-eluting stents: primary results of the COBRA trial. EuroIntervention. 2016 Apr 20; 11(13):1457-67. PMID: 25947278.
      Citations: 4     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    23. Adriaenssens T, Ughi GJ, Dubois C, De Cock D, Onsea K, Bennett J, Wiyono S, Sinnaeve P, Coosemans M, Ferdinande B, Belmans A, D'hooge J, Desmet W. STACCATO (Assessment of Stent sTrut Apposition and Coverage in Coronary ArTeries with Optical coherence tomography in patients with STEMI, NSTEMI and stable/unstable angina undergoing everolimus vs. biolimus A9-eluting stent implantation): a randomised controlled trial. EuroIntervention. 2016 Apr 08; 11(14):e1619-26. PMID: 25420791.
      Citations: 6     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    24. Ughi GJ, Wang H, Gerbaud E, Gardecki JA, Fard AM, Hamidi E, Vacas-Jacques P, Rosenberg M, Jaffer FA, Tearney GJ. Clinical Characterization of Coronary?Atherosclerosis With Dual-Modality OCT?and Near-Infrared Autofluorescence?Imaging. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016 11; 9(11):1304-1314. PMID: 26971006.
      Citations: 65     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    25. Hiltrop N, Ughi GJ, Dubois C, Adriaenssens T. Optical coherence tomography-based assessment of bifurcation stenting using the Axxess? Biolimus A9?-eluting stent system. EuroIntervention. 2016 Jan 22; 11(9):1027. PMID: 26788704.
      Citations:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    26. Ughi GJ, Gora MJ, Swager AF, Soomro A, Grant C, Tiernan A, Rosenberg M, Sauk JS, Nishioka NS, Tearney GJ. Automated segmentation and characterization of esophageal wall in vivo by tethered capsule optical coherence tomography endomicroscopy. Biomed Opt Express. 2016 Feb 01; 7(2):409-19. PMID: 26977350.
      Citations:    
    27. Hara T, Ughi GJ, McCarthy JR, Erdem SS, Mauskapf A, Lyon SC, Fard AM, Edelman ER, Tearney GJ, Jaffer FA. Intravascular fibrin molecular imaging improves the detection of unhealed stents assessed by optical coherence tomography in vivo. Eur Heart J. 2017 02 07; 38(6):447-455. PMID: 26685129.
      Citations: 24     Fields:    
    28. Koskinas KC, Ughi GJ, Windecker S, Tearney GJ, R?ber L. Intracoronary imaging of coronary atherosclerosis: validation for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Eur Heart J. 2016 Feb 07; 37(6):524-35a-c. PMID: 26655874.
      Citations: 30     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    29. Gerbaud E, Weisz G, Tanaka A, Kashiwagi M, Shimizu T, Wang L, Souza C, Bouma BE, Suter MJ, Shishkov M, Ughi GJ, Halpern EF, Rosenberg M, Waxman S, Moses JW, Mintz GS, Maehara A, Tearney GJ. Multi-laboratory inter-institute reproducibility study of IVOCT and IVUS assessments using published consensus document definitions. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016 Jul; 17(7):756-64. PMID: 26377904.
      Citations: 10     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    30. Ughi GJ, Adriaenssens T. Advances in Automated Assessment of Intracoronary Optical Coherence Tomography and Their Clinical Application. Interv Cardiol Clin. 2015 Jul; 4(3):351-360. PMID: 28581950.
      Citations: 3     Fields:    
    31. Wang H, Gardecki JA, Ughi GJ, Jacques PV, Hamidi E, Tearney GJ. Ex vivo catheter-based imaging of coronary atherosclerosis using multimodality OCT and NIRAF excited at 633 nm. Biomed Opt Express. 2015 Apr 01; 6(4):1363-75. PMID: 25909020.
      Citations:    
    32. Ughi GJ, Verjans J, Fard AM, Wang H, Osborn E, Hara T, Mauskapf A, Jaffer FA, Tearney GJ. Dual modality intravascular optical coherence tomography (OCT) and near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging: a fully automated algorithm for the distance-calibration of NIRF signal intensity for quantitative molecular imaging. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015 Feb; 31(2):259-68. PMID: 25341407.
      Citations: 25     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimals
    33. Adriaenssens T, Dens J, Ughi G, Bennett J, Dubois C, Sinnaeve P, Wiyono S, Coosemans M, Belmans A, D'hooge J, Vrolix M, Desmet W. Optical coherence tomography study of healing characteristics of paclitaxel-eluting balloons vs. everolimus-eluting stents for in-stent restenosis: the SEDUCE (Safety and Efficacy of a Drug elUting balloon in Coronary artery rEstenosis) randomised clinical trial. EuroIntervention. 2014 Aug; 10(4):439-48. PMID: 25138182.
      Citations: 19     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    34. Ughi GJ, Adriaenssens T. Automated assessment and 3-dimensional visualization of the pattern of neointimal tissue maturity in vivo following drug-eluting stent implantation. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014 Oct; 30(7):1235-6. PMID: 24928764.
      Citations:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    35. Adriaenssens T, Ughi GJ, Dubois C, Onsea K, De Cock D, Bennett J, Wiyono S, Vanhaverbeke M, Sinnaeve P, Belmans A, D'hooge J, Desmet W. Automated detection and quantification of clusters of malapposed and uncovered intracoronary stent struts assessed with optical coherence tomography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014 Jun; 30(5):839-48. PMID: 24668526.
      Citations: 4     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    36. Gnanadesigan M, van Soest G, White S, Scoltock S, Ughi GJ, Baumbach A, van der Steen AF, Regar E, Johnson TW. Effect of temperature and fixation on the optical properties of atherosclerotic tissue: a validation study of an ex-vivo whole heart cadaveric model. Biomed Opt Express. 2014 Apr 01; 5(4):1038-49. PMID: 24761287.
      Citations:    
    37. De Cock D, Bennett J, Ughi GJ, Dubois C, Sinnaeve P, Dhooge J, Desmet W, Belmans A, Adriaenssens T. Healing course of acute vessel wall injury after drug-eluting stent implantation assessed by optical coherence tomography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014 Jul; 15(7):800-9. PMID: 24497520.
      Citations: 10     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    38. Ughi GJ, Steigerwald K, Adriaenssens T, Desmet W, Guagliumi G, Joner M, D'hooge J. Automatic characterization of neointimal tissue by intravascular optical coherence tomography. J Biomed Opt. 2014 Feb; 19(2):21104. PMID: 23884201.
      Citations: 8     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    39. Ughi GJ, Van Dyck CJ, Adriaenssens T, Hoymans VY, Sinnaeve P, Timmermans JP, Desmet W, Vrints CJ, D'hooge J. Automatic assessment of stent neointimal coverage by intravascular optical coherence tomography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014 Feb; 15(2):195-200. PMID: 23884965.
      Citations: 5     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    40. Ughi GJ, Adriaenssens T, Sinnaeve P, Desmet W, D'hooge J. Automated tissue characterization of in vivo atherosclerotic plaques by intravascular optical coherence tomography images. Biomed Opt Express. 2013 Jul 01; 4(7):1014-30. PMID: 23847728.
      Citations:    
    41. Malle C, Tada T, Steigerwald K, Ughi GJ, Schuster T, Nakano M, Massberg S, Jehle J, Guagliumi G, Kastrati A, Virmani R, Byrne RA, Joner M. Tissue characterization after drug-eluting stent implantation using optical coherence tomography. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013 Jun; 33(6):1376-83. PMID: 23539216.
      Citations: 22     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimals
    42. Ughi GJ, Dubois C, Desmet W, D'hooge J, Adriaenssens T. Provisional side branch stenting: presentation of an automated method allowing online 3D OCT guidance. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013 Jul; 14(7):715. PMID: 23389734.
      Citations:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    43. Ughi GJ, Adriaenssens T, Desmet W, D'hooge J. Fully automatic three-dimensional visualization of intravascular optical coherence tomography images: methods and feasibility in vivo. Biomed Opt Express. 2012 Dec 01; 3(12):3291-303. PMID: 23243578.
      Citations:    
    44. Dubois C, Adriaenssens T, Ughi G, Wiyono S, Bennett J, Coosemans M, Ferdinande B, Sinnaeve P, D'hooge J, Desmet W. Healing responses after bifurcation stenting with the dedicated TRYTON Side-Branch Stent? in combination with XIENCE-V? stents: a clinical, angiography, fractional flow reserve, and optical coherence tomography study: the PYTON (Prospective evaluation of the TRYTON Side-Branch Stent? with an additional XIENCE-v? everolimus-eluting stent in coronary bifurcation lesions) study. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2013 Feb; 81(3):E155-64. PMID: 22745031.
      Citations: 2     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    45. Adriaenssens T, Ughi G, Coosemans M, Dubois C. Optical coherence tomography assessment of coverage of side branch ostium after implantation of Xience SBA dedicated coronary bifurcation system. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2012 Nov; 5(11):1187-8. PMID: 23174645.
      Citations:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    46. Tearney GJ, Regar E, Akasaka T, Adriaenssens T, Barlis P, Bezerra HG, Bouma B, Bruining N, Cho JM, Chowdhary S, Costa MA, de Silva R, Dijkstra J, Di Mario C, Dudek D, Dudeck D, Falk E, Falk E, Feldman MD, Fitzgerald P, Garcia-Garcia HM, Garcia H, Gonzalo N, Granada JF, Guagliumi G, Holm NR, Honda Y, Ikeno F, Kawasaki M, Kochman J, Koltowski L, Kubo T, Kume T, Kyono H, Lam CC, Lamouche G, Lee DP, Leon MB, Maehara A, Manfrini O, Mintz GS, Mizuno K, Morel MA, Nadkarni S, Okura H, Otake H, Pietrasik A, Prati F, R?ber L, Radu MD, Rieber J, Riga M, Rollins A, Rosenberg M, Sirbu V, Serruys PW, Shimada K, Shinke T, Shite J, Siegel E, Sonoda S, Sonada S, Suter M, Takarada S, Tanaka A, Terashima M, Thim T, Troels T, Uemura S, Ughi GJ, van Beusekom HM, van der Steen AF, van Es GA, van Es GA, van Soest G, Virmani R, Waxman S, Weissman NJ, Weisz G. Consensus standards for acquisition, measurement, and reporting of intravascular optical coherence tomography studies: a report from the International Working Group for Intravascular Optical Coherence Tomography Standardization and Validation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 Mar 20; 59(12):1058-72. PMID: 22421299.
      Citations: 509     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    47. Ughi GJ, Adriaenssens T, Larsson M, Dubois C, Sinnaeve PR, Coosemans M, Desmet W, D'hooge J. Automatic three-dimensional registration of intravascular optical coherence tomography images. J Biomed Opt. 2012 Feb; 17(2):026005. PMID: 22463037.
      Citations: 8     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    48. Adriaenssens T, Dens J, Ughi G, Coosemans M, Onsea K, Dubois C, Sinnaeve P, Vrolix M, Desmet W. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) in PCI for in-stent restenosis (ISR): rationale and design of the SEDUCE (Safety and Efficacy of a Drug elUting balloon in Coronary artery rEstenosis) study. EuroIntervention. 2011 May; 7 Suppl K:K100-5. PMID: 22027717.
      Citations: 2     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    49. Ughi GJ, Adriaenssens T, Onsea K, Kayaert P, Dubois C, Sinnaeve P, Coosemans M, Desmet W, D'hooge J. Automatic segmentation of in-vivo intra-coronary optical coherence tomography images to assess stent strut apposition and coverage. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012 Feb; 28(2):229-41. PMID: 21347593.
      Citations: 32     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    Ughi's Networks
    Click the
    Explore
    buttons for more information and interactive visualizations!
    Concepts (150)
    Explore
    _
    Co-Authors (6)
    Explore
    _
    Similar People (60)
    Explore
    _
    Same Department Expand Description
    Explore
    _
    Physical Neighbors
    _