History of chronic pain and opioid use is associated with cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment.
Bell TR, Elman JA, Gustavson DE, Lyons MJ, Fennema-Notestine C, Williams ME, Panizzon MS, Pearce RC, Reynolds CA, Sanderson-Cimino M, Toomey R, Jak A, Franz CE, Kremen WS. History of chronic pain and opioid use is associated with cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2025 May; 31(4):307-317.